Frontal polymerization for fiber-reinforced composites
Polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) is a polymer of growing importance in industrial applications. Frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) offers a means to rapidly cure PDCPD with minimal input energy owing to a propagating reaction wave sustained by the exothermic polymerization. The disclosure provides methods for the rapid fabrication of fiber reinforced composites that is less restrictive and more energy efficient than conventional methods.
1. A method for fabricating a fiber composite, the method comprising:
a) stacking one or more layers of a fabric;
b) suffusing the fabric with a mixture comprising a reactive monomer, a catalyst, and an optional catalytic inhibitor to extend the gelation time of the mixture, wherein the mixture is capable of frontal polymerization;
c) shaping the fabric into one or more dimensions;
d) contacting the suffused fabric with a thermal stimulus at one or more loci on the fabric that is sufficient in duration to trigger frontal polymerization, and discontinuing the thermal stimulus after frontal polymerization is triggered; and
e) allowing frontal polymerization originating from the loci of thermal contact to propagate parallel to the fabric to cure the fiber composite;
wherein frontal polymerization propagates a self-sustaining exothermic polymerization wave with a frontal velocity of greater than 1 cm/min, thereby producing a cured fiber-reinforced composite that has been shaped into one or more dimensions.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the monomer comprises trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), a norbornene, endo-dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), exo-DCPD, or an epoxy resin.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises a radical initiator, or a ruthenium catalyst.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the radical initiator comprises trihexyltetradecylphosphonium persulfate (TETDPPS).
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the ruthenium catalyst comprises dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyI)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium (II) (GC2), dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](indenylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II), or dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6- trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](indenylidene)(triisopropyliphosphite)ruthenium(II).
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the fabric comprises a weave of a carbon fiber, a glass fiber, a polymer fiber, a ceramic fiber, a steel fiber, or a copper fiber.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the fiber is directionally thermally conductive.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture of monomer and catalyst comprises a catalytic inhibitor.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the catalytic inhibitor comprises dimethylaminopyridine, triphenyl phosphine, tricyclohexyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tripropyl phosphite, triisopropyl phosphite, tri-n-butyl phosphite, tri-sec-butyl phosphite, tri-tert-butyl phosphite, or triisobutyl phosphite.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the catalytic inhibitor comprises limonene, an alkylaminopyridine, an alkylphosphine, or an alkylphosphite.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the alkylphosphite is trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tripropyl phosphite, triisopropyl phosphite, tri-n-butyl phosphite, tri-sec-butyl phosphite, tri-tert-butyl phosphite, or triisobutyl phosphite.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the alkylphosphite is present in about 0.1 equivalents to about 10 equivalents, based on the moles of the ruthenium catalyst added.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the alkylphosphite extends the gelation time of the monomer and catalyst mixture by about 0.1 hours to about 40 hours.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the concentration of the inhibitor reduces the frontal polymerization velocity by about 5% to about 95%.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the thermal stimulus comprises one or more heating elements contacting less than the whole fabric, or one or more pairs of electrodes affixed to opposing ends of one or more, but not all fiber tows in the fabric, wherein a current passing through the electrodes raises the temperature in the fiber tows by resistive heating.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the thermal stimulus temperature ranges from about 50° C. to about 400° C., the thermal stimulus is discontinued less than about 1 minute after frontal polymerization is triggered, or a combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the frontal velocity is greater than 5 cm/min.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the fabric is suffused with monomer solution for more than 5 seconds, then excess solution is removed before shaping, or during shaping, of the fabric.
19. A method for rapidly fabricating a shaped carbon fiber composite, the method comprising:
a) stacking one or more layers of a carbon fiber fabric;
b) suffusing the fabric with a mixture comprising about 1M to about 10 M of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm of dichloro[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II) (GC2), and about 0.1 equivalents to about 5 equivalents of tri-n-butyl phosphite based on the moles of GC2;
c) shaping the fabric into one or more dimensions;
d) contacting the suffused fabric with a thermal stimulus at one or more loci on the fabric that is sufficient in duration to trigger frontal polymerization, and discontinuing the thermal stimulus after frontal polymerization is triggered; and
e) allowing frontal polymerization originating from the loci of thermal contact to propagate parallel to the fabric to cure the fiber composite;
wherein frontal polymerization propagates a self-sustaining exothermic polymerization wave with a frontal velocity of greater than 1 cm/min, thereby producing a cured fiber-reinforced composite that has been shaped into one or more dimensions.