Method and apparatus for continuously applying nanolaminate metal coatings
Described herein are apparatus and methods for the continuous application of nanolaminated materials by electrodeposition.
1. A method of electrodepositing a nanolaminate coating comprising:
providing an electrodeposition cell comprising an anode assembly and a cathode assembly, that are arranged in the electrodeposition cell, the anode assembly comprising a first portion and a second portion that is spaced apart from the first portion; and
electrodepositing a first nanolaminate coating on a first surface of a conductive workpiece and a second nanolaminate coating on a second surface of the conductive workpiece, the first and the second nanolaminate coatings each comprising a plurality of nanolaminate layers, each nanolaminate layer of the plurality of nanolaminate layers differing from adjacent nanolaminate layers in structure or composition, the electrodepositing comprising:
moving the conductive workpiece through an electrolyte comprising salts of two or more different electrodepositable metals in the electrodeposition cell by winding the conductive workpiece around a plurality of rollers in a path, the path passing the conductive workpiece between the first portion and the second portion of the anode assembly, the conductive workpiece passing a first distance from the first portion of the anode assembly and a second distance from the second portion of the anode assembly, the second distance being different than the first distance, thereby causing the first nanolaminate coating and the second nanolaminate coating to have different thicknesses; and
controlling the current density applied to the conductive workpiece in a time varying manner as it moves through the electrodeposition cell, with a power supply.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein controlling the current density in a time varying manner comprises applying two or more different current densities to the conductive workpiece as it moves through the electrodeposition cell.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein controlling the current density in a time varying manner comprises applying three or more different current densities to the conductive workpiece as it moves through electrodeposition cell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein controlling the current density in a time varying manner comprises applying an offset current, so that the conductive workpiece remains cathodic when it is moved through the electrodeposition cell and the first and second anode assemblies remain anodic.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time varying manner comprises one or more of: varying the baseline current, pulse current modulation and reverse pulse current modulation.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposition cell comprises a mixer; or wherein the electrodeposition cell comprises an ultrasonic agitator.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the mixer is operated at a single rate to agitate the electrolyte within the electrodeposition cell; or wherein the agitator is operated continuously to control a mixing rate.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the mixer is operated at a varying rate to agitate the electrolyte within the electrodeposition cell; or wherein the agitator is operated in a non-continuous fashion to control a mixing rate.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the rate the conductive workpiece is moved through the electrodeposition cell.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive workpiece comprises a metal; and wherein the conductive workpiece is a sheet.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminate coating layers or fine-grained metal layers comprise two or more different elements independently selected from Ag, Al, Au, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sb, Sn, Pb, Ta, Ti, W, V, Zn and Zr, wherein each of the elements is present at greater than 0.001% by weight.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminate coating layers or fine-grained metal layers comprise two or more different elements independently selected from Ag, Al, Au, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sb, Sn, Pb, Ta, Ti, W, V, Zn and Zr, wherein each of the elements is present at greater than about 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005 or 0.001% by weight.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminate coating layers comprise a plurality of first layers and second layers that differ in structure or composition, and which have discrete interfaces between the first and second layers.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises salts of three or more different electrodepositable metals.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminate coating layers comprise a plurality of first layers and second layers that differ in structure or composition, and which have diffuse interfaces between the first and second layers.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein said workpiece is comprised of a conductive polymer or a non-conductive polymer rendered conductive by inclusion of conductive materials or electroless application of a metal; and wherein the conductive workpiece is a wire, rod, sheet, chain, strand, or tube.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminate coating layers or fine-grained metal layers comprise two or more different elements comprising Zn and Fe; Zn and Ni; Co and Ni; Ni and Fe; Ni and Cr; Ni and Al; Cu and Zn; Cu and Sn; or Al, Ni, and Co.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposition cell is configured such that a distance between the first portion of the anode assembly and the conductive workpiece can be adjusted by adjusting a position of the first portion of the anode assembly.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodeposition cell is configured such that a distance between the first portion of the anode assembly and the conductive workpiece can be adjusted by adjusting the path of the conductive workpiece.
21. A method comprising:
moving a workpiece through an electrolyte comprising salts of at least two metals by winding the workpiece around a plurality of rollers in a path that passes the workpiece between a first portion and a second portion of an anode assembly arranged in an electrodeposition cell, the workpiece being arranged a first distance from the first portion of the anode assembly and a second distance from the second portion of the anode assembly, the second distance being different than the first distance, the electrodeposition cell further comprising a cathode assembly; and
electrodepositing a first nanolaminate coating on a first surface of the workpiece and a second nanolaminate coating on a second surface of the workpiece, the first and the second nanolaminate coatings each comprising a plurality of nanolaminate layers, each nanolaminate layer of the plurality of nanolaminate layers differing from adjacent nanolaminate layers in structure or composition, the first nanolaminate coating and the second nanolaminate coating having different thicknesses, the electrodepositing comprising:
applying a current density in a time varying manner to the workpiece as the workpiece moves through the electrodeposition cell, the current density being controlled by a power supply.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the electrolyte is non-aqueous.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the first and second nanolaminate coating comprise two or more elements selected from Ag, Al, Au, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Sb, Sn, Pb, Ta, Ti, W, V, Zn, and Zr, and wherein each of the two or more elements is present in the first and second nanolaminate coatings in a concentration greater than 0.1%, by weight.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the electrodeposition cell comprises a mixer or an ultrasonic agitator.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the mixer is operated at a varying rate or the ultrasonic agitator is operated in a non-continuous fashion.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the electrodeposition cell is configured such that a distance between the first portion of the anode assembly and the workpiece can be adjusted by adjusting a position of the first portion of the anode assembly.
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the electrodeposition cell is configured such that a distance between the first portion of the anode assembly and the conductive workpiece can be adjusted by adjusting the path of the workpiece.