Purine alkaloid-producing microorganisms and methods of making and using the same
Provided herein are microorganisms that include one or more heterologous nucleic acid selected from the group of a sequence encoding a 7-methylxanthosine synthase, a sequence encoding a theobromine synthase; and a sequence encoding a caffeine synthase, where the microorganism is capable of producing one or more purine alkaloid in a culture medium, when the microorganism is cultured under conditions sufficient to produce the one or more purine alkaloid. Also provided compositions and kits that include at least one of these microorganisms, and methods of producing one or more purine alkaloid that include culturing one of these microorganisms under conditions sufficient to produce the one or more purine alkaloid.
1. A recombinant E. coli comprising each of:
(A) 7 methylxanthosine synthase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6;
(B) theobromine synthase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;
(C) caffeine synthase comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and
(D) S adenosyl-methionine synthetase comprising the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs. 9-13,
wherein the recombinant E. coli is capable of producing caffeine in a culture medium.
2. The recombinant E. coli of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium comprises one or more of the following:
(E) a carbon source selected from the group consisting of: CO 2 , acetate, glycerol, a sugar, methane, formic acid, and methanol;
(F) a nitrogen source selected from the group consisting of: nitrate, ammonium, and urea;
(G) a one-carbon donor selected from the group consisting of: S-adenosyl-methionine, glycine betaine, methionine, and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoate; and
(H) a nucleobase selected from the group consisting of: adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine; a nucleoside selected from the group consisting of: adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, inosine, and deoxyguanosine; or a nucleotide selected from the group consisting of: adenine triphosphate (ATP), inosine monophosphate, guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), and xanthosine monophosphate.
3. The recombinant E. coli of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant E. coli is capable of secreting or releasing caffeine into the culture medium, when the recombinant E. coli is cultured under conditions sufficient to produce caffeine.
4. The recombinant E. coli of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant E. coli has one or both of an increased level of S-adenosyl methionine and an increased rate of recycling of S-adenosyl homocysteine, as compared to a corresponding wildtype E. coli.
5. A composition comprising the recombinant E. coli of claim 1 .
6. A kit comprising a vial comprising the composition of claim 5 .
7. A method of producing one or more purine alkaloid, the method comprising:
culturing a recombinant E. coli of claim 1 in a culture medium under conditions sufficient to produce the one or more purine alkaloid; and
harvesting the one or more purine alkaloid.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more purine alkaloid is theobromine, caffeine, theophylline, and theacrine.
9. A composition comprising a lysate of the recombinant E. coli of claim 1 .
10. A composition comprising a cell free lysate containing proteins produced by the recombinant E. coli of claim 1 .
11. A composition comprising the cell free lysate of claim 10 mixed with a lysate of another microorganism.
12. A method of producing one or more purine alkaloid, the method comprising:
mixing the composition of claim 9 with one or more substrate(s) to generate a mixture; and
incubating the mixture under conditions sufficient to produce the one or more purine alkaloid; and
harvesting the one or more purine alkaloid.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more purine alkaloid is theobromine, paraxanthine, caffeine, theophylline, and theacrine.