Aqueous methods for forming titanium catecholate complexes and associated compositions
Titanium catecholate complexes can be desirable active materials for flow batteries and other electrochemical energy storage systems, particularly when incorporated in aqueous electrolyte solutions. It can be desirable to avoid introducing certain organic solvents and/or extraneous salts into aqueous electrolyte solutions. Methods for synthesizing titanium catecholate complexes that can help avoid the unwanted introduction of organic solvents and/or extraneous salts into aqueous electrolyte solutions can include: providing an aqueous solution containing a catechol compound, reacting a titanium reagent with the catechol compound in the aqueous solution to form an intermediate titanium catecholate complex, isolating the intermediate titanium catecholate complex as a solid or slurry, and reacting a ligatable compound with the intermediate titanium catecholate complex in the presence of a base to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex containing at least one additional ligand.
1. A method comprising:
(a) combining a titanium reagent with a catechol compound in an aqueous solution to form an intermediate titanium catecholate complex;
(b) isolating the intermediate titanium catecholate complex as a solid or slurry from the aqueous solution; and
(c) combining the intermediate titanium catecholate complex in the presence of a base with a compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand to titanium to produce a salt form titanium catecholate complex that further comprises the compound, or a salt form thereof, coordinated to the titanium as a bidentate ligand.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt form titanium catecholate complex is produced in an aqueous phase.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base is present in an alkaline aqueous solution.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base comprises one or more alkali metal bases.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound capable of coordination as a bidentate ligand to titanium is a catechol and the salt form titanium catecholate complex comprises only catecholate ligands.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate titanium catecholate complex comprises a 4-coordinate titanium (IV) center and two catecholate ligands.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium reagent is combined with the aqueous solution at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 100° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises titanium tetrachloride.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand to titanium is pyrogallol or a monosulfonated catechol.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises a titanium tetrahalide or oxyhalide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catechol compound and the compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand are different compounds.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catechol compound comprises unsubstituted catechol and the compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand is a monosulfonated catechol or pyrogallol.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt form titanium catecholate complex comprises two catecholate ligands and one additional bidentate, non-catecholate ligand.
14. A method comprising:
combining a titanium reagent with an aqueous solution comprising a catechol compound; wherein a reaction between the titanium reagent with the catechol compound results in the formation of an isolable intermediate titanium catecholate complex comprising a 4-coordinate titanium (IV) center and two catecholate ligands; and then
contacting the intermediate titanium catecholate complex with a compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand to titanium in the presence of a base, wherein the contacting allows a reaction that results in the formation of a salt form titanium catecholate complex that further comprises the compound, or a salt form thereof, coordinated to the titanium as a bidentate ligand.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compound capable of coordination as a bidentate ligand to titanium is a catechol and the salt form titanium catecholate complex comprises only catecholate ligands.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the salt form titanium catecholate complex is produced in an aqueous phase.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the base is present in an alkaline aqueous solution.
18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
isolating the intermediate titanium catecholate complex as a solid or slurry before reacting the compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand to titanium.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the titanium reagent is added to the aqueous solution at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 100° C.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises titanium tetrachloride.
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the titanium reagent comprises a titanium tetrahalide or oxyhalide.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein the catechol compound comprises an unsubstituted catechol, a monosulfonated catechol, or pyrogallol.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compound capable of coordinating as a bidentate ligand to titanium and the catechol acting as a ligand on the intermediate titanium catecholate complex are different compounds.