Control of intermetallic compound growth in aluminum to steel resistance welding
A method of resistance spot welding a workpiece stack-up that includes an aluminum workpiece and an overlapping adjacent steel workpiece so as to minimize the thickness of an intermetallic layer comprising Fe—Al intermetallic compounds involves providing reaction-slowing elements at the faying interface of the aluminum and steel workpieces. The reaction-slowing elements may include at least one of carbon, copper, silicon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, or chromium. Various ways are available for making the one or more reaction-slowing elements available at the faying interface of the aluminum and steel workpieces including being dissolved in a high strength steel or being present in an interlayer that may take on a variety of forms including a rigid shim, a flexible foil, a deposited layer adhered to and metallurgically bonded with a faying surface of the steel workpiece, or an interadjacent organic material layer that includes particles containing the reaction-slowing elements.
1. A method of resistance spot welding a workpiece stack-up that includes an aluminum workpiece and an overlapping steel workpiece so as to minimize the thickness of an intermetallic layer comprising Fe—Al intermetallic compounds, the method comprising:
providing a workpiece stack-up that has an accessible first side and an opposed accessible second side, the workpiece stack-up comprising an aluminum workpiece, an overlapping steel workpiece, and a ferrous-based interlayer disposed between a faying surface of the aluminum workpiece and a faying surface of the steel workpiece, the ferrous-based interlayer comprising one or more reaction-slowing elements that comprise at least one of carbon, copper, silicon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, or chromium;
pressing a weld face of a first welding electrode against the first side of the workpiece stack-up and pressing a weld face of a second welding electrode against the second side of the workpiece stack-up in facial alignment with the weld face of the first welding electrode;
passing an electrical current between the weld faces of the first and second welding electrodes and through the workpiece stack-up to melt the aluminum workpiece and create a molten weld pool contained within the aluminum workpiece that contacts the ferrous-based interlayer but does not melt the ferrous-based interlayer, the one or more reaction-slowing elements suppressing the formation and growth of Fe—Al intermetallic compounds; and
terminating passage of the electrical current to thereby allow the molten weld pool to solidify into a weld joint that includes an aluminum weld nugget within the aluminum workpiece and one or more Fe—Al intermetallic layers at a bonding surface of the weld joint with the ferrous-based interlayer, the ferrous-based interlayer also being fused or bonded to the steel workpiece after passage of the electrical current is terminated.
2. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the ferrous-based interlayer is a rigid shim, the rigid shim being composed of high strength steel having a tensile strength of 300 MPa or greater and in which the one or more reaction-slowing elements are alloying elements of the high strength steel, or the rigid shim being composed of a custom ferrous-based alloy that includes the one or more reaction-slowing elements dissolved in a solid solution.
3. The method set forth in claim 2 , wherein the ferrous-based interlayer is a rigid shim composed of a custom ferrous-based alloy that includes the one or more reaction-slowing elements dissolved in a solid solution, the custom ferrous-based alloy being an alloy of (1) iron and carbon with at least 0.010 wt % carbon, (2) iron and copper with at least 0.2 wt % copper, (3) iron and silicon with at least 0.030 wt % silicon, or (4) iron and manganese with at least 0.5 wt % manganese.
4. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the ferrous-based interlayer is a flexible foil composed of a custom ferrous-based alloy that includes the one or more reaction-slowing elements dissolved in a solid solution.
5. The method set forth in claim 4 , wherein the custom ferrous-based alloy is an alloy of (1) iron and carbon with at least 0.010 wt % carbon, (2) iron and copper with at least 0.2 wt % copper, (3) iron and silicon with at least 0.030 wt % silicon, or (4) iron and manganese with at least 0.5 wt % manganese.
6. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the ferrous-based interlayer is a deposited layer adhered directly to and metallurgically bonded with the faying surface of the steel workpiece.
7. The method set forth in claim 6 , wherein the deposited layer is a single phase iron-rich solid solution alloy of (1) iron and carbon with at least 0.010 wt % carbon, (2) iron and copper with at least 0.2 wt % copper, (3) iron and silicon with at least 0.030 wt % silicon, or (4) iron and manganese with at least 0.5 wt % manganese.
8. A method of resistance spot welding a workpiece stack-up that includes an aluminum workpiece and an overlapping steel workpiece so as to minimize the thickness of an intermetallic layer comprising Fe—Al intermetallic compounds, the method comprising:
providing a workpiece stack-up that has an accessible first side and an opposed accessible second side, the workpiece stack-up comprising an aluminum workpiece, an overlapping steel workpiece, and an interlayer disposed between a faying surface of the aluminum workpiece and a faying surface of the steel workpiece, the interlayer being selected from the group consisting of (i) a ferrous-based rigid shim comprising iron and one or more reaction-slowing elements, (ii) a ferrous-based flexible foil comprising iron and one or more reaction-slowing elements, (iii) a ferrous-based deposited layer adhered directly to and metallurgically bonded with the faying surface of the steel workpiece and comprising iron and one or more reaction-slowing elements, and (iv) an interadjacent organic material layer that includes an organic material matrix and particles containing one or more reaction-slowing elements, wherein the reaction-slowing elements of the interlayer comprise at least one of carbon, copper, silicon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, or chromium;
pressing a weld face of a first welding electrode against the first side of the workpiece stack-up and pressing a weld face of a second welding electrode against the second side of the workpiece stack-up in facial alignment with the weld face of the first welding electrode;
passing an electrical current between the weld faces of the first and second welding electrodes and through the workpiece stack-up to melt the aluminum workpiece and create a molten weld pool contained within the aluminum workpiece, the one or more reaction-slowing elements suppressing the formation and growth of Fe—Al intermetallic compounds; and
terminating passage of the electrical current to thereby allow the molten weld pool to solidify into a weld joint that includes an aluminum weld nugget within the aluminum workpiece and one or more Fe—Al intermetallic layers at a bonding surface of the weld joint.
9. The method set forth in claim 8 , wherein the interlayer is a ferrous-based deposited layer adhered directly to and metallurgically bonded with the faying surface of the steel workpiece.
10. The method set forth in claim 9 , wherein the ferrous-based deposited layer is a single phase iron-rich solid solution alloy of (1) iron and carbon with at least 0.010 wt % carbon, (2) iron and copper with at least 0.2 wt % copper, (3) iron and silicon with at least 0.030 wt % silicon, or (4) iron and manganese with at least 0.5 wt % manganese.
11. The method set forth in claim 9 , wherein the molten weld pool created within the aluminum workpiece contacts the ferrous-based deposited layer, but does not melt the ferrous-based interlayer, and wherein the weld joint is bonded to the ferrous-based deposited layer after passage of the electrical current is terminated.