Overvoltage protection for power systems

1. An electrical protection device comprising:

a first electrical connection;

a second electrical connection;

an electrical discharge device, including:

a first conductive bus connected to the first electrical connection and a second conductive bus connected to the second electrical connection;

a first electrode electrically connected to the first conductive bus and a second electrode electrically connected to the second conductive bus, forming a spark gap, wherein:

each of the first and second electrodes is at least partially constructed from an ablation-resistant material,

the first electrode has a first converging region extending from the first conductive bus and the second electrode has a second converging region extending from the second conductive bus, the first converging region and the second converging region of the electrodes converging with respect to each other at a non-straight angle along the entire length of the first and second converging regions to form the spark gap, the spark gap including:

a breakdown region comprising a vertically-oriented trapezoidal region defined by a gap height, a first gap width, and a second gap width,

wherein a difference between the first gap width and the second gap width is less than a thickness of either of the first electrode or the second electrode, and the gap height is greater than at least the second gap width; and a pair of arcing horns diverging angularly therefrom,

wherein the breakdown region is formed between a generally vertical region of the first electrode and a generally vertical region of the second electrode, the generally vertical region of the first electrode being defined by a lower corner adjacent to a converging region of the first electrode and an upper corner adjacent to the arcing horn of the first electrode, the generally vertical region of the second electrode being defined by a lower corner adjacent to a converging region of the second electrode and an upper corner adjacent to the arcing horn of the second electrode, a gap between the generally vertical region of the first electrode and the generally vertical region of the second electrode has a gradually decreasing width from a widest point having the first gap width to a narrowest point nearer the pair of arcing horns having the second gap width, the second gap width being selected to form an electrical arc in air at a breakdown voltage selected to exceed a threshold,

wherein, upon formation of the electrical arc in the breakdown region, an electrical current passes between the first electrode and the second electrode non-destructively and is discharged over a plurality of cycles at a power line frequency across the pair of arcing horns; and

a support structure comprising:

a plurality of mounts; and

at least one supporting insulator element cooperating with the plurality of mounts to maintain relative positions of the first electrode and the second electrode in a direction of formation of an electrical arc at the spark gap in response to a Lorentz force, during the plurality of cycles at the power line frequency;

wherein the at least one supporting insulator element is oriented in a direction of formation of the electrical arc.

2. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second electrical connections are connected to an electrical system.

3. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the ablation-resistant material comprises a tungsten alloy.

4. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the power line frequency comprises 60 Hz.

5. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one supporting insulator element is cylindrical and has a central axis parallel to the direction of formation of the electrical arc.

6. The electrical protection device of claim 5 , wherein the at least one supporting insulator element comprises a plurality of supporting insulator elements.

7. The electrical protection device of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of supporting insulator elements each extend between and engage the plurality of mounts.

8. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the non-straight angle comprises a constant subtended angle of less than 40 degrees.

9. The electrical protection device of claim 1 , wherein the first electrical connection is connected to a grounding terminal, and the second electrical connection is connected to a neutral of a transformer.

10. An overvoltage protection system comprising:

an overvoltage protection assembly including:

a first electrical connection and a second electrical connection; an electrical discharge device, including: a first conductive bus connected to the first electrical connection and a second conductive bus connected to the second electrical connection, the electrical discharge device forming a breakdown region between opposed portions of a first electrode of the first conductive bus and a second electrode of the second conductive bus, each of the first electrode and the second electrode at least partially constructed from an ablation-resistant material,

wherein the first and second electrodes converge between a mounting location of each of the first and second electrodes and the breakdown region at a constantly subtended acute angle with respect to each other,

wherein the breakdown region is formed between a generally vertical region of the first electrode and a generally vertical region of the second electrode, the generally vertical region of the first electrode being defined by a lower corner adjacent to a converging region of the first electrode and an upper corner adjacent to an arcing horn of the first electrode, the generally vertical region of the second electrode being defined by a lower corner adjacent to a converging region of the second electrode and an upper corner adjacent to an arcing horn of the second electrode,

wherein a gap between the generally vertical region of the first electrode and the generally vertical region of the second electrode has a gradually decreasing distance from a widest point to a narrowest point nearer the arcing horns of the first and second electrodes, the narrowest point having a width of between 1 mm and 20 mm, resulting in a breakdown voltage of at least 4,000 volts,

wherein a difference between the widest point and the narrowest point in the breakdown region is less than a thickness of either of the first or second electrode and the gap height is greater than at least the second gap width,

wherein, when a voltage differential between the first conductive bus and the second conductive bus exceeds the breakdown voltage, a first electrical current passes between the first conductive bus and the second conductive bus and is discharged over a discharge time duration of a plurality of cycles at a power line frequency non-destructively; and

a support structure comprising:

a plurality of mounts constructed to withstand a Lorentz force generated based on a peak current;

at least one supporting insulator element positioned to rigidly brace the first and second electrodes in a direction of formation of an electrical arc in the breakdown region;

wherein the at least one supporting insulator element is oriented in a direction of formation of the electrical arc.