Detecting signal leakage in cable networks
A signal leakage in a cable network may be detected by using a test device to obtain a spectrum of an electromagnetic wave propagating in vicinity of the cable network, and automatically detecting QAM channels in the obtained spectrum by detecting characteristic spectral roll-offs at boundary frequencies between QAM channels of the cable network. A test device may be used to determine which QAM channels are currently active on the cable network, thereby facilitating automatic QAM signal leakage detection.
1. A testing device for detecting a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) channel signal leaking at a first location of a cable network, which propagates QAM channel signals at a QAM channel frequency spacing, the testing device comprising:
memory to store high and low boundary frequencies of a QAM channel of the QAM channel signal;
a receiver to detect an electromagnetic signal propagating in air proximate the first location;
a controller operably coupled to the memory and the receiver, wherein the controller is to:
determine power present in the electromagnetic signal as a function of frequency for a frequency band comprising the high and low boundary frequencies of the QAM channel; and
detect the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal based on a change in the determined power present at the high and low boundary frequencies of the QAM channel compared to the determined power present in between the high and low boundary frequencies of the QAM channel in the electromagnetic signal, wherein the change is identified at least in part by an average change in the determined power of the electromagnetic signal against a threshold; and
an output device to provide an indication of the detected QAM channel signal.
2. The testing device of claim 1 , wherein the receiver includes a directional antenna operably coupled to the receiver and configured to detect the electromagnetic signal.
3. The testing device of claim 1 , wherein the output device comprising:
a display operably coupled to the controller to display the electromagnetic signal.
4. The testing device of claim 1 , further comprising a QAM signal analyzer operably coupled to the controller to sample and analyze an electrical signal propagating in the cable network, to obtain parameters of QAM channels currently active in the cable network.
5. The testing device of claim 4 , wherein the controller is further configured to compute high and low boundary frequencies from the parameters of the currently active QAM channels, and store the computed high and low boundary frequencies in the memory.
6. The testing device of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to detect the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal by determining that:
an average change in the determined power of the electromagnetic signal, between frequencies higher and lower than the low boundary frequency by a first step frequency and the low boundary frequency, is above a first threshold; and
an average change in the determined power of the electromagnetic signal, between frequencies higher and lower than the high boundary frequency by a second step frequency and the high boundary frequency is above a second threshold.
7. The testing device of claim 6 , wherein the controller is further configured to detect the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal by:
computing a cross-covariance function between:
the frequency band; and
a model function of the QAM channel;
locating two neighboring peaks of the cross-covariance function; and
determining that the two neighboring peaks are separated by the QAM channel frequency spacing.
8. The testing device of claim 7 , wherein the controller is further configured to detect the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal by determining that each one of the two neighboring peaks has an amplitude above a third threshold, and a width below a fourth threshold.
9. The testing device of claim 1 , wherein the frequency band is less than twice the QAM channel spacing.
10. A method of detecting a QAM channel signal leaking at a first location of a cable network, which propagates QAM channel signals frequency-separated at a QAM channel frequency spacing, the method comprising:
obtaining high and low boundary frequencies of a QAM channel of the QAM channel signal;
detecting an electromagnetic signal propagating in air proximate the first location, and obtaining a power present in the electromagnetic signal as a function of frequency of the electromagnetic signal in a frequency band comprising the high and low boundary frequencies of the QAM channel; and
determining that:
a change in the obtained power present in the electromagnetic signal at the high and low boundary frequencies of the QAM channel is above a threshold, wherein the change is identified at least in part by an average change in the determined power of the electromagnetic signal; and
detecting that the QAM channel signal is leaking from the cable network.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein detecting the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal further comprises determining that:
an average change in the obtained power present in the electromagnetic signal, between frequencies higher and lower than the low boundary frequency by a first step frequency and the low boundary frequency, is above a first threshold; and
an average change in the obtained power present in the electromagnetic signal, between frequencies higher and lower than the high boundary frequency by a second step frequency and the high boundary frequency, is above a second threshold.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein detecting the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal further comprises:
computing a cross-covariance function between:
the frequency band; and
a model function of the QAM channel;
locating two neighboring peaks of the cross-covariance function; and
determining that the two neighboring peaks are separated by the QAM channel frequency spacing.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first threshold is at least 1.3 dB and the second threshold is at least 0.5 dB.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein detecting the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal further comprises determining that each one of the two neighboring peaks of the cross-covariance function has an amplitude above a third threshold.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein detecting the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal further comprises determining that each one of the two neighboring peaks of the cross-covariance function has a width below a fourth threshold.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the third threshold is at least 0.3 in normalized units.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of detecting the electromagnetic signal comprises pointing a directional antenna at the first location, and wherein the method further comprises confirming that the QAM channel signal is leaking at the first location by subsequently pointing the directional antenna away from the first location, and determining that a magnitude of a peak of the cross-covariance function is lessened when the directional antenna is pointed away from the first location.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising sounding an audible signal, wherein the audible signal is dependent on a current magnitude of a peak of the cross-covariance function.
19. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
sampling and analyzing an electrical signal propagating in the cable network, to obtain parameters of QAM channels currently active in the cable network; and
computing the high and low boundary frequencies from the parameters of the currently active QAM channels.
20. A testing device for detecting a QAM channel signal leaking at a first location of a cable network, which propagates QAM channel signals at a QAM channel frequency spacing, the testing device comprising:
memory to store center frequencies of two adjacent QAM channels;
a receiver to detect an electromagnetic signal propagating in air proximate the first location;
a controller operably coupled to the memory and the receiver and to detect the two adjacent QAM channel signals in the electromagnetic signal the controller is to:
determine power present in the electromagnetic signal as a function of frequency for a frequency band comprising the center frequencies of the two adjacent QAM channels; and
detect the QAM channel signal in the electromagnetic signal, based on a change in the determined power present at a middle point between the center frequencies of the two adjacent QAM channels; and
an output device to provide an indication of the detected QAM channel signal.