Graphene oxide as a sulfur immobilizer in high performance lithium/sulfur cells
The loss of sulfur cathode material as a result of polysulfide dissolution causes significant capacity fading in rechargeable lithium/sulfur cells. Embodiments of the invention use a chemical approach to immobilize sulfur and lithium polysulfides via the reactive functional groups on graphene oxide. This approach obtains a uniform and thin (˜tens of nanometers) sulfur coating on graphene oxide sheets by a chemical reaction-deposition strategy and a subsequent low temperature thermal treatment process. Strong interaction between graphene oxide and sulfur or polysulfides demonstrate lithium/sulfur cells with a high reversible capacity of 950-1400 mAh g −1 , and stable cycling for more than 50 deep cycles at 0.1 C.
1. A method of preparing a graphene oxide-sulfur (GO—S) nanocomposite comprising:
providing a graphene oxide (GO) dispersion;
adding a sodium polysulfide solution to the GO dispersion to form a blended solution;
titrating the GO/sodium polysulfide blended solution into a HCOOH solution to form a precipitate; and
heat treating, for a specified time and temperature, the precipitate in a sealed vessel utilizing a flowing gas at a specified gas flow rate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing gas is argon.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas flow rate is approximately 200 cc S −1 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature is approximately 155° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time is approximately 12 hours.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sodium polysulfide solution is added to the GO dispersion in the presence of 5 wt % surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sodium polysulfide solution is prepared by adding Na 2 S into a flask that has been filled with distilled water to form a Na 2 S solution, then elemental S is suspended in the Na 2 S solution, wherein the ratios of Na 2 S and elemental S, are adjusted to determine a value of x in Na 2 S x of the sodium polysulfide solution.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the GO after the heat treatment comprises approximately 50-90 wt % S.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the GO after the heat treatment comprises approximately 60-70 wt % S.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphene oxide (GO) dispersion is prepared by exfoliating GO from a graphite oxide.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the graphite oxide was prepared using a modified Hummers method.