Retroreflective elements including particles
The present disclosure generally relates to retroreflective elements including a core and a plurality of glass or glass-ceramic beads adjacent to the core. The retroreflective elements further include a plurality of particles having a diameter that is less than the diameter of the glass or glass ceramic beads in the retroreflective elements. The present disclosure also generally relates to articles (including, for example, retroreflective roadway liquid pavement markings) including these retroreflective elements and methods of making and using these retroreflective elements.
1. A retroreflective element, comprising:
a core;
a plurality of glass or glass-ceramic beads adjacent to and entirely surrounding the core; and
a plurality of particles adjacent to and surrounding the core, wherein the particles each have a diameter that is smaller than a mean diameter of the glass or glass ceramic beads,
wherein the element has a size from 100 microns to 2000 microns,
wherein the particles have a diameter from about 1 nm to 1000 nm, and
wherein the glass or glass ceramic beads have a mean diameter of between about 60 and about 80 microns.
2. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein the particles include at least one of silica, alumina, zirconia, a silicate, a polymer, a diatomaceous earth, or an organic compound or particle.
3. The retroreflective element of claim 2 , wherein the organic compound or particle includes at least one of polyolefins, silicone polymers, polyesters, and halogenated polymers.
4. The retroreflective element of claim 2 , wherein the silica is at least one of fumed silica, precipitated silica, or nano silica.
5. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein the particles include at least one of salts of inorganic acids or salts of organic acids.
6. The retroreflective element of claim 5 , wherein the salts of inorganic acids include at least one of sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, and magnesium sulfate.
7. The retroreflective element of claim 5 , wherein the salts of organic acids include at least one of sodium acetate, sodium stearate, and sodium ascorbate.
8. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the particles includes a plurality of primary particles agglomerated or aggregated to form a particle that has a diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the glass or glass ceramic beads.
9. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein the particles are present in a weight percent of between about 0.1 and about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the retroreflective element.
10. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein the glass or glass ceramic beads have a refractive index of between about 1.8 and about 2.3.
11. The retroreflective element of claim 1 , wherein the core is spherical.
12. A pavement marking, comprising:
a liquid pavement marking composition;
the retroreflective element of claim 1 secured to the liquid pavement marking composition.