Quaternary Ammonium Halides With Ether Functional Groups For Use As Battery Electrolytes
An electrolyte solution and a flow cell battery are included herein. The electrolyte solution generally includes a zinc bromide electrolyte solution including one or more class A quat halides. The flow cell battery includes an electrolyte solution including one or more class A quat halides.
1 . A zinc bromide electrolyte solution comprising one or more class A quat halides, each class A quat halide having a molecular structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein
X − is Br − or Cl − , or the quat is a mixture of both bromides and chlorides;
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , are, independently, hydrogen or alkyl substituents having about 12 or fewer carbon atoms;
R 4 is an alkyl chain having in the range of about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; and
R 5 is an alkyl group having in the range of about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
2 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 1 wherein the one or more class A quat halides comprise at least one quat of structure I.
3 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 2 wherein
X − is Br − or Cl − or a mixture thereof;
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 comprise about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and
R 4 comprises about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and R 5 comprises about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms.
4 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 3 comprising
a first class A quat halide and a second class A quat halide:
wherein
in the first class A quat halide R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are ethyl, R 4 is ethyl, and R 5 is methyl; and
in the second class A quat halide R 1 and R 3 are ethyl, R 2 is methyl, R 4 is ethyl and R 5 is methyl.
5 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 1 wherein the electrolyte further comprises one or more tetra-alkyl quat halides of the following structure:
wherein
X − is Br − or Cl − or a mixture thereof, and
the substituents R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently alkyl groups comprising in the range of from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.
6 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 5 wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently alkyl groups comprising in the range of from about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms.
7 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 6 wherein the tetra-alkyl quat is triethylpropyl quat.
8 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 5 wherein the electrolyte solution further comprises one or more alkylpiperidinyl quat halides of the following structure:
9 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 8 wherein
X − is Br − or Cl − or a mixture thereof, and
R 1 and R 2 , are, independently, alkyl substituents having 12 or fewer carbon atoms.
10 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 9 wherein X − is Br − and R 1 and R 2 , are, independently, ethyl, methyl or propyl.
11 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 9 wherein R 1 and R 2 are both ethyl or are ethyl and propyl, respectively.
12 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte solution further comprises one or more compounds having a molecular structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein
X − is Br − or Cl − or a mixture thereof, and
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 are, independently, hydrogen or alkyl substituents having about 12 or fewer carbon atoms; and
R 4 is an alkyl chain having in the range from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.
13 . An electrolyte solution as in claim 1 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are, independently, ethyl or methyl.
14 . A bromine-containing flow cell battery comprising an electrolyte as in claim 1 .
15 . A Zinc bromide-type flow cell battery, Vanadium bromide flow-type cell battery, Polysulfide bromine-type flow cell battery or Hydrogen bromine-type flow cell battery comprising an electrolyte as in claim 1 .
16 .- 18 . (canceled)