Ratiometric and multiplexed sensors from single chirality carbon nanotubes
A single chirality single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), and combinations thereof, can be used to detect trace levels of chemical compounds in vivo with high selectivity.
1. A composition comprising:
a first plurality of nanoparticles having a first chirality, wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles comprise a first coating that is non-responsive to a particular analyte, and wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a first emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte; and
a second plurality of nanoparticles having a second chirality, wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles comprise a second coating that is responsive to the particular analyte, and wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a second emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte;
wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report a reference signal that is non-responsive to the analyte represented by the first emission and the second plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report an analyte-responsive signal represented by the second emission, and wherein the composition is configured to create a unique spectral signature for the particular analyte from a ratio of the first emission emitted from the first plurality of nanoparticles to the second emission emitted from the second plurality of nanoparticles.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality include a nanotube.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality include a carbon nanotube.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality include a single-walled carbon nanotube.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality include a polymer.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the polymer includes a polynucleotide.
7. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the polynucleotide includes poly(AT).
8. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the polymer includes a polysaccharide.
9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of dextran, pectin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and hydroxyethylcellulose.
10. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the polymer includes poly(vinyl acid).
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality are photoluminescent.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles having both a first and second chirality emit near-infrared radiation.
13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of nanoparticles are photoluminescent and a photoluminescence emission of the photoluminescent nanoparticles is altered by a change in a stimulus.
14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the stimulus is a concentration of an analyte.
15. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is a reactive oxygen species.
16. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is nitric oxide.
17. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is carbon dioxide.
18. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is adenosine triphosphate.
19. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
20. The composition of claim 14 , wherein the analyte is oxygen.
21. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the stimulus is a pH of an organelle.
22. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the first or second plurality of nanoparticles are carbon nanotubes.
23. A green plant including the composition of claim 1 .
24. A method for monitoring activity in a sample, comprising: contacting a composition with a sample containing a particular analyte, wherein the composition comprises a first plurality of nanoparticles having a first chirality, wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles comprise a first coating that is non-responsive to a particular analyte, and wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a first emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte; and a second plurality of nanoparticles having a second chirality, wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles comprise a second coating that is responsive to the particular analyte, and wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a second emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte;
wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report a reference signal that is non-responsive to the analyte represented by the first emission and the second plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report an analyte-responsive signal represented by the second emission;
measuring a photoluminescence emission of the composition at a first time point;
measuring the photoluminescence emission of the composition at a second time point wherein the second time point is after the first time point;
comparing the photoluminescence emission measured at the first time point to the photoluminescence emission measured at the second time point, wherein a change in the photoluminescence emission between the first time point and the second time point indicates a change in the particular analyte within the sample; and
creating a unique spectral signature for the particular analyte by obtaining a ratio of the first emission emitted from the first plurality of nanoparticles to the second emission emitted from the second plurality of nanoparticles.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the change in the photoluminescence emission includes a change in photoluminescence intensity, a change in peak wavelength, a Raman shift, or a combination thereof.
26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the change in the particular analyte is a concentration change of the particular analyte.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the particular analyte is a reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxygen, or nitroaromatic compounds.
28. The method of claim 24 , wherein the particular analyte is pH of an organelle.
29. A method for monitoring a sample, comprising:
introducing a plurality of first photoluminescent nanoparticles into the sample, wherein the first plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles comprise a first coating that is non-responsive to a particular analyte, and wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a first emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte;
introducing a plurality of second photoluminescent nanoparticles into the sample, wherein the second plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles comprise a second coating that is responsive to the particular analyte, and wherein the second plurality of nanoparticles exhibit a second emission when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the presence of the particular analyte; wherein the first plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report a reference signal that is non-responsive to the analyte represented by the first emission and the second plurality of nanoparticles are configured to report an analyte-responsive signal represented by the second emission;
measuring a photoluminescence emission of the first plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles and the second plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles at a first time point;
measuring the photoluminescence emission of the first plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles and the second plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles at a second time point wherein the second time point is after the first time point;
comparing the photoluminescence emission measured at the first time point to the photoluminescence emission measured at the second time point for the first plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles;
comparing the photoluminescence emission measured at the first time point to the photoluminescence emission measured at the second time point for the second plurality of photoluminescent nanoparticles,
wherein a change in the photoluminescence emission between the first time point and the second time point indicates a change in the particular analyte within the sample; and
creating a unique spectral signature for the particular analyte by obtaining a ratio of the first emission emitted from the first plurality of nanoparticles to the second emission emitted from the second plurality of nanoparticles.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein a change in the photoluminescence emission includes a change in photoluminescence intensity, a change in peak wavelength, a Raman shift, or a combination thereof.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the change in the particular analyte is a concentration change of the particular analyte.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the particular analyte is a reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxygen, or nitroaromatic compounds.
33. The method of claim 30 , wherein the particular analyte is a pH of an organelle.