Integrated process for processing and utilising the guayule plant
The present invention relates to an integrated process for processing and utilizing every part of the guayule plant ( Parthenium argnetatum ) which comprises the following steps in sequence: separating the stem and branches from the leaves of said plant with a mechanical treatment; treating the leaves to produce waxes and essential oils, and a fraction containing cellulose, hemicellulose (carbohydrates) and, to a minor extent, salts, organic compounds and lignin; extracting from the stem and branches a liquid phase, so forming a first solid woody residue, indicated with bagasse in the present text; treating said first solid woody residue to prepare sugars, resin, rubber and lignin.
1. A process for processing and utilising every part of a guayule plant ( Parthenium argentatum ) comprising the following steps in sequence:
separating the stem and branches from the leaves of said guayule plant with a mechanical treatment;
treating the leaves to produce waxes and essential oils, and to form a solid fraction containing cellulose, hemicellulose, salts, lignin and other organic compounds;
extracting from the stem and branches a liquid phase and thereby forming a first solid woody residue;
treating said first solid woody residue to form sugars, resin, rubber and lignin.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the stem and branches are treated by extraction conducted with basic water to form an aqueous emulsion comprising the first solid woody residue.
3. The process according to claim 2 , further comprising extracting a concentrated latex from said aqueous emulsion and coagulating and separating a natural rubber from the concentrated latex.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the stem and branches are treated by extraction with a nonpolar organic solvent to form an organic solution and the first solid woody residue.
5. The process according to claim 4 , further including extracting a natural rubber from said organic solution, and dispersing the natural rubber subsequently in water to form latex.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first solid woody residue is treated according to the following steps in sequence:
extracting resin and rubber from said first solid woody residue and forming a fifth solid woody residue containing lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose;
hydrolysing said fifth solid woody residue to form sugars having 5 carbon atoms and a sixth solid woody residue containing lignin and cellulose;
hydrolysing said sixth solid residue to convert the cellulose into sugars having 6 carbon atoms, and forming a final solid residue containing lignin and an amount of residual cellulose of less than 20%.
7. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the first solid woody residue is treated by extraction with a nonpolar organic solvent.
8. The process according to claim 6 , wherein hydrolysing the fifth solid woody residue is conducted by acid hydrolysis.
9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein hydrolysing is carried out with a phosphonic acid of general formula RPO(OH) 2 (I), in which R is a linear or branched alkyl group, or an aromatic group, or a group containing a heteroatom.
10. The process according to claim 9 , in which R is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R is selected from the compounds of formula R′—C 6 H 5 or R′—C 10 H 8 where R′ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or R is a group containing a heteroatom selected from those containing oxygen (O) or containing nitrogen (N) or containing phosphorus (P).
11. The process according to claim 9 , wherein R is methyl, ethyl, or CH 3 OH—PO(OH) 2 .
12. The process according to claim 8 wherein the pH during acid hydrolysis is between 0.6 and 1.6.
13. The process according to claim 6 , wherein hydrolysing the sixth solid residue is conducted by enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis, or thermochemical hydrolysis.
14. The process according to claim 1 , in which the first solid residue is treated according to the following steps in sequence:
treating the first solid woody residue to form sugars having 5 carbon atoms and a second solid residue,
treating said second solid residue to form sugars having 6 carbon atoms and a third solid residue,
extracting resin and rubber from said third solid residue to form a fourth woody residue mainly comprising lignin.
15. The process according to claim 14 , further comprising treating the third solid woody residue by solvent extraction with an organic nonpolar solvent to separate the resin and rubber and to form a fifth solid woody residue comprising lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose.
16. The process according to claim 14 , wherein treating the first solid woody residue is conducted by acid hydrolysis to convert the hemicellulose into sugars having 5 carbon atoms and thereby forming the second solid woody residue comprising lignin and cellulose.
17. The process according to claim 16 , wherein acid hydrolysis is carried out with a phosphonic acid of general formula R—PO(OH) 2 (I), in which R is a linear or branched alkyl group, or an aromatic group, or a group containing a heteroatom.
18. The process according to claim 17 , in which R is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R is selected from the compounds of formula R′—C 6 H 5 or R′—C 10 H 8 where R′ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or R is a group containing a heteroatom selected from oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P).
19. The process according to claim 18 , in which R is methyl, ethyl or CH 3 OH—PO(OH) 2 .
20. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the pH during acid hydrolysis is between 0.6 and 1.6.
21. The process according to claim 16 , wherein said second woody residue is treated by enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis, or thermochemical hydrolysis.
22. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising:
subjecting the solid fraction containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, salts and other organic compounds
to acid hydrolysis to convert the hemicellulose into monomeric sugars having 5 carbon atoms, and to form an intermediate product containing cellulose,
subjecting said intermediate product to further hydrolysis to convert the cellulose into sugars having 6 carbon atoms.
23. The process according to claim 22 , wherein acid hydrolysis is carried out with an organic acid selected from the phosphonic acids of general formula R—PO(OH) 2 (I) or from alkylsulfonic acids of general formula R 1 —SO 3 H (II), in which R is selected from a linear or branched alkyl group, an aromatic group, or a group containing a heteroatom, and R 1 is selected from a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
24. The process according to claim 23 , wherein R is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or R is selected from the compounds of formula R′—C 6 H 5 or R′—C 10 H 8 where R′ is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or R is a group containing a heteroatom selected from oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P).
25. The process according to claim 24 , wherein R is selected from methyl, ethyl or CH 3 OH—PO(OH) 2 .
26. The process according to claim 23 , wherein R 1 is methyl.
27. The process according to claim 22 , further comprising producing with the C5 sugars and C6 sugars chemicals, microbial oils or biofuels by fermentation.
28. The process according to claim 27 , wherein the produced chemicals are butandiols or bio-butadiene.
29. The process according to claim 22 , wherein the pH during acid hydrolysis is between 0.6 and 1.6.
30. The process according to claim 22 , further comprising separating the waxes and essential oils by a method selected from solvent extraction or steam extraction or extraction with supercritical CO 2 .
31. The process according to claim 22 , wherein the further hydrolysis of the intermediate product is conducted by a method selected from enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis, or thermochemical hydrolysis.