Fossa ovalis penetration
A wall ( 39 ) of a catheter ( 38 ) (a) includes a braided portion ( 41 ) having an outer surface ( 45 ), an inner surface ( 47 ), and a braided interior ( 53 ) between the outer and inner surfaces ( 45, 47 ), and (b) is shaped to define first and second longitudinally-running channels ( 27 a, 27 b ) therethrough. A distal portion of the catheter ( 38 ) is shaped to define first and second lateral openings ( 26 a, 26 b ). An angle between (a) a first line ( 76 ) running between the first and second lateral openings ( 26 a, 26 b ), and (b) a second line ( 78 ) that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter ( 38 ) when the catheter ( 38 ) is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees. A flexible longitudinal member ( 14 ) passes from a proximal portion of the catheter ( 38 ) to the distal portion via the first channel ( 27 a ), out of the first channel ( 27 a ) via the first lateral opening ( 26 a ), into the second channel ( 27 b ) via the second lateral opening ( 26 b ), and from the distal portion to the proximal portion via the second channel ( 27 b ).
1. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel;
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen;
a dilator element shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen, wherein the dilator element is shaped to define a dilator lumen; and
a dilator tip disposed at a distal end of the dilator element, wherein the dilator tip is configured to dilate an opening created by the needle.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the angle between the first and second lines is between 60 and 120 degrees.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the angle between the first and second lines is between 80 and 100 degrees.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second openings are separated from one another by an angle of 170-190 degrees measured along a circumference of the catheter.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the needle is shaped to be slidably disposed within the dilator lumen.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the flexible longitudinal member is mechanically resilient.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the flexible longitudinal member is between 0.1 and 0.5 mm.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the flexible longitudinal member comprises a wire.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the flexible longitudinal member comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: nitinol, stainless steel, and chromium cobalt.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 ,
wherein the flexible longitudinal member is configured to be deployed such that, in an absence of any force applied to the deployed portion of the flexible longitudinal member by an element that is not part of the apparatus, a deployment angle of the flexible longitudinal member is between 10 and 80 degrees, and
wherein the deployment angle is between (a) a vector that is (i) tangent to the flexible longitudinal member at an exit point of the flexible longitudinal member from the catheter, and (ii) directed away from the catheter, and (b) a distally-directed vector that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the catheter at the exit point.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the flexible longitudinal member is configured to be deployed such that, in the absence of any force applied to the deployed portion of the flexible longitudinal member by an element that is not part of the apparatus, the deployment angle is between 30 and 60 degrees.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the flexible longitudinal member is radiopaque.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of radiopaque markers coupled to the flexible longitudinal member.
14. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel; and
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen,
wherein the needle is hollow, and comprises (a) a proximal portion, and (b) a helical distal portion, and
wherein the apparatus further comprises a fluid-impermeable cover surrounding the helical distal portion of the needle.
15. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel; and
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen,
wherein the needle is hollow, and comprises (a) a proximal portion, and (b) a distal portion that is more flexible than the proximal portion, and
wherein the apparatus further comprises a fluid-impermeable cover surrounding the distal portion of the needle.
16. The apparatus according to claim 15 , further comprising:
a dilator element shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen, wherein the dilator element is shaped to define a dilator lumen; and
a dilator tip disposed at a distal end of the dilator element, wherein the dilator tip is configured to dilate an opening created by the needle.
17. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel; and
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen,
wherein the needle is hollow, and comprises (a) a proximal portion, and (b) a distal portion comprising a wall that is shaped to define a plurality of openings that pass completely therethrough, and
wherein the apparatus further comprises a fluid-impermeable cover surrounding the distal portion of the needle.
18. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel; and
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen,
wherein the needle is hollow, and comprises (a) a proximal portion, and (b) a distal portion comprising an elastomeric tube having an outer surface, an inner surface, and an interior portion between the outer and inner surfaces that is selected from the group consisting of: a braided metal interior, and a coiled metal interior.
19. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the wall, and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight, is between 30 and 150 degrees;
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel, (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel; and
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen,
wherein the needle is hollow, and comprises:
a proximal portion having an outer diameter between 0.7 and 3 mm, a length between 650 and 1200 mm, and a wall thickness between 0.1 and 0.3 mm; and
a distal portion at least partially made of nitinol, the distal portion having an outer diameter between 0.5 and 1.5 mm and a length between 30 and 200 mm.
20. Apparatus comprising:
a catheter shaped to define a catheter lumen,
wherein a wall of the catheter (a) comprises a braided portion, and (b) is shaped to define a first longitudinally-running channel through the wall and a second longitudinally-running channel through the walk and
wherein a distal portion of the catheter is shaped to define a first lateral opening and a second lateral opening, and wherein an angle between (a) a first line running between the first and second lateral openings, and (b) a second line that is parallel to a central longitudinal axis of the catheter when the catheter is straight is between 30 and 150 degrees:
a flexible longitudinal member that passes (a) from a proximal portion of the catheter to the distal portion of the catheter via the first channel (b) out of the first channel via the first lateral opening, (c) into the second channel via the second lateral opening, and (d) from the distal portion of the catheter to the proximal portion of the catheter via the second channel:
a needle shaped to be slidably disposed within the catheter lumen, wherein the needle is electrically conductive;
one or more conductors; and
a controller, which is coupled to the needle by the one or more conductors, and which is configured to drive the needle to apply energy capable of creating a hole through tissue.