Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of muconic acid
Various embodiments disclosed relate to electrocatalytic hydrogenation of muconic acid and polymers formed from the reaction products thereof. In various embodiments, the present invention provides an electrocatalytic method to prepare 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a combination thereof, from muconic acid. The method includes passing current through a catalytic cathode in a reactor including an aqueous acidic solution including muconic acid, a supporting electrolyte, and an anode, so as to generate atomic hydrogen on the cathode surface in an amount effective to hydrogenate the muconic acid to yield a product including 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a mixture thereof. Also disclosed is the polymerization of 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, or a combination thereof with another compound, such as a diamine or a dialcohol, to form a polymer, such as a polyamide or a polyester.
1. An electrocatalytic method to prepare 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a combination thereof, from muconic acid, the method comprising:
passing current through a catalytic cathode in a reactor comprising an aqueous solution comprising muconic acid, a supporting electrolyte, and an anode, so as to generate atomic hydrogen on the cathode surface in an amount effective to hydrogenate the muconic acid to yield a product comprising 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a mixture thereof;
wherein the aqueous solution is a fermentation broth comprising the muconic acid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenation yields 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenation yields adipic acid.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises at least one of Cu, Fe, Ni Pd, Pt, Pd/C, Pb, Sn, Ti, Zn, or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises one or more platinum group metals.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises Ni, Pd, Pt, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the hydrogenation yields adipic acid.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises Cu, Fe, Ph, Sn, Ti, Zn, or a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the hydrogenation yields 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid that comprises trans-3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises platinum.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution further comprises an organic acid, a mineral acid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the current is generated by applying a voltage of about −0.5 to about −3.0 volts with respect to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode or with respect to a reversible hydrogen electrode.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenation yields 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid that comprises trans-3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, wherein the trans-3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid is formed at a selectivity of about 80% to about 100%.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenation of the muconic acid occurs with a faradaic efficiency of about 2% to about 100%.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenation of the muconic acid occurs with a faradaic efficiency of about 90% to about 100%.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising polymerizing the adipic acid with another compound, to form a polymer.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising polymerizing the 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, the 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, or a combination thereof, with another compound, to form a polymer.
20. The method of claim 1 , further comprising polymerizing the 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, the 3-hexene- 1,6-dioic acid, the adipic acid, or a combination thereof, with another compound, to form a polymer comprising a repeating group having the structure:
a salt thereof, or a combination thereof,
wherein the —(CH 2 ) 1-20 — group is substituted or unsubstituted, and
wherein at each occurrence -A- is independently chosen from —NH— and —O—.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises bismuth.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution is an acidic aqueous solution.