Grain boundary engineering of polycrystalline shape memory alloys by phase manipulation for enhanced mechanical ductility and application fatigue life
Provided is a method of making a polycrystalline shape memory alloy (SMA) by forming an alloy with grains and boundaries between them, exposing the alloy to a two-phase temperature range at which a two-phase equilibrium is achieved in the alloy, converting grains to an austenite phase, and precipitating a face-centered-cubic crystal structure solid solution phase at grain boundaries, then quenching the alloy. Also provided is a polycrystalline SMA with a dual-phase microstructure having grains mostly in an austenite phase, a martensite phase, or in transition between an austenite phase and a martensite phase and grain boundaries containing a face-centered-cubic crystal structure solid solution phase.
1. A method of making a polycrystalline shape memory alloy comprising:
forming a cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy wherein the alloy comprises a matrix of grains and a plurality of grain boundaries, wherein the plurality of grain boundaries comprise a plurality of interfaces between adjacent grains;
ramping from an initial temperature of about 25° C. to a dwell temperature at a rate of about 1.5° C./minute;
exposing the alloy to the dwell temperature for about 24 hours under an atmosphere of about 99% argon and about 1% hydrogen, the dwell temperature being about 1150° C.;
precipitating a cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy microstructure comprising between about 18 weight % and about 20 weight % of a face centered cubic phase γ in equilibrium with an austenitic phase β, the cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy having a first strain energy recovery of the face centered cubic phase γ between about 30% and about 39%, a second strain energy recovery of the austenitic phase β between about 40% and about 61%, and a third strain energy recovery of the austenitic phase β in proximity to an β/γ phase interface region between about 56% and about 84%; and
quenching the alloy.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy has a first superelastic recovery of the face centered cubic phase γ between about 12% and about 23%, a second superelastic recovery of the austenitic phase β between about 15% and about 31%, and a third superelastic recovery of the β/γ interface region between about 26% and about 48%.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy has a first energy dissipation of the face centered cubic phase γ between about 70% and about 80%, a second energy dissipation of the austenitic phase β between about 46% and about 72%, and a third energy dissipation of the β/γ interface region between about 27% and about 59%.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy has a martensitic start temperature about −45 ° C., a martensitic finish temperature about 80° C., an austenitic start temperature about −50° C. and an austenitic finish temperature about −20° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cobalt-nickel-aluminum polycrystalline shape memory alloy comprises about Co 37% Ni 35.5% Al 27.5% .