Plasmonic biosensor based on molecular conformation
A target analyte in a matrix is sensed using a sensor device having protrusions [ 500 ] such as e.g. nanorods, containing free charge carriers. Conformational molecules [ 504, 506 ] are bound at a first end to the protrusions, and bound at a second end to a label [ 502 ] e.g. a nanoparticle, that is free to move relative to the protrusions. The conformational molecule changes its conformation when bound to the analyte, thereby changing the distance and/or the relative orientation of the label to the protrusion. Energy [ 510 ] is used to excite free electrons in the protrusion near a plasmon resonance and resulting optical radiation [ 514 ] at wavelengths near the plasmon resonance wavelength is detected [ 516 ] and analyzed [ 518 ] to determined the presence/concentration of the analyte.
1. A method for sensing an analyte, the method comprising:
bringing a matrix containing the analyte into contact with a sensor device having protrusions containing free charge carriers, where conformational molecules are bound at a first end to the protrusions, and bound at a second end to a particle label, where the particle label and protrusion can move with respect to each other, where the conformational molecule changes its conformation when bound to the analyte, thereby changing the distance and/or the relative orientation of the particle label to the protrusion; where the protrusions have a long axis that is smaller than 200 nm, and at least one short axis that has a length that is shorter than 80% of the long axis;
exciting free charge carriers in the protrusions;
detecting optical radiation from the protrusions;
wherein the exciting and/or detecting is performed at a wavelength near a plasmon resonance of the protrusion while the matrix containing the analyte is in contact with the protrusions of the sensor device;
determining the presence/concentration of the analyte from changes in the detected optical radiation while the matrix containing the analyte is in contact with the protrusions of the sensor device.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein bringing the analyte into contact with the protrusions of the sensor device comprises bringing a fluid containing the analyte or an analyte-permeable matrix containing the analyte into contact with the protrusions of the sensor device.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the protrusions are non-spherical metallic particles, nanorods, bipyramids, nanostars, platonic nanoparticles.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the particle label has an electrical polarizability different than a spatial or time-average polarizability of the matrix.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein exciting free charge carriers in the protrusion near a plasmon resonance comprises exciting the free charge carriers by exposing the protrusion to optical or electrical energy.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein exciting free charge carriers in the protrusion near a plasmon resonance comprises exciting the free charge carriers by exposing the protrusion to optical light from a light source with a linewidth larger than 5 nm or a superluminescent diode.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein detecting optical radiation near the plasmon resonance wavelength of the protrusion comprises detecting optical radiation within five times the full width half maximum of a plasmon resonance wavelength peak.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein determining the presence/concentration of the analyte comprises performing histogram and/or histogram processing to suppress background noise and enhance specificity.
9. A sensor device for sensing an analyte, the sensor device comprising:
protrusions from a surface of the sensor device, wherein the protrusions contain free charge carriers; where the protrusions have a long axis that is smaller than 200 nm, and at least one short axis that has a length that is shorter than 80% of the long axis; where the protrusions are non-spherical metallic particles, nanorods, bipyramids, nanostars, or platonic nanoparticles;
particle labels;
conformational molecules, each being bound at a first end to one of the protrusions, and bound at a second end to one of the particle labels, where the one of the particle labels and the one of the protrusions can move with respect to each other, where each of the conformational molecules changes its conformation when bound to the analyte, thereby changing the distance and/or the relative orientation of the one of the particle labels to the one of the protrusions;
means for exciting free charge carriers in the protrusions;
means for detecting optical radiation from the protrusions;
wherein the exciting and/or detecting is performed at a wavelength near a plasmon resonance of the protrusion;
means for determining the presence/concentration of the analyte from changes in the detected optical radiation.