Preparation of carbon nanotube shell materials
Methods of making a carbon nanotube material and uses thereof are described. The methods can include obtaining a carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell having a single discrete void space defined by the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell or having an encapsulated core and subjecting the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell to a graphitization process to form a shell having a carbon nanotube network from the matrix. The resulting carbon nanotube material includes a shell having a network of carbon nanotubes and either (i) a single discrete void space defined by the network of carbon nanotubes or (ii) the encapsulated core surrounded by the network of carbon nanotubes.
1. A method of making a carbon nanotube material, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell having an encapsulated core; and
(b) subjecting the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell to a graphitization process to form a shell having a carbon nanotube network from the matrix,
wherein a carbon nanotube material is obtained that includes a shell having a network of carbon nanotubes and the encapsulated core surrounded by the network of carbon nanotubes; and
partially etching away the encapsulated core surrounded by the network of carbon nanotubes such that encapsulated core fills 1% to 99% of the volume of the void space.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell having the network of carbon nanotubes consists essentially of or consists of carbon nanotubes.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell having the network of carbon nanotubes is a monolith network of carbon nanotubes.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell in step (a) has catalytic metal ions or has exchangeable ions that are exchanged for catalytic metal ions, the catalytic metal ions being capable of catalyzing the formation of the network of carbon nanotubes from the polymeric matrix shell during the step (b) graphitization process.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein catalytic metal ions are loaded into the polymeric matrix shell prior to or during the step (b) graphitization process.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising removing catalytic metal ions from the carbon nanotube network shell after the step (b) graphitization process.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon containing polymeric matrix shell in step (a) comprises a polymer having ion exchange capabilities, wherein the polymer is a functionalized polystyrene polymer, a functionalized siloxane-based polycarbonate polymer, or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cross-linking the polymeric matrix shell in step (a) or in step (b), or in both steps (a) and (b).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric matrix is not cross-linked in either of steps (a) and (b).
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step (b) graphitization process comprises heating the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell for 400° C. to 1000° C. for a sufficient period of time, or from 1 minute to 50 hours, to form the shell having a carbon nanotube network.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a core/CNT shell structure is obtained having the network of carbon nanotubes and the encapsulated core surrounded by the network of carbon nanotubes.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core material is a nano- or microstructure.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the produced carbon nanotube material has a yolk/CNT shell structure.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulated core comprises a metal nano- or microstructure or oxides or alloys thereof, a silicon nano- or microstructure, a carbon-containing nano- or microstructure, a metal oxide nanoparticle, a metal organic framework nano- or microstructure, a zeolitic organic framework nano- or microstructure, a covalent organic framework nano- or microstructure, or a zeolite nano- or microstructure, or any combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell having the network of carbon nanotubes further comprises a polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, silicon, a metal organic framework, a zeolitic organic framework, a covalent organic framework, a zeolite or any combination thereof dispersed throughout the network.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube is capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction, wherein the chemical reaction comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon cracking reaction, a hydrogenation of hydrocarbon reaction, a dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon reaction, a 3-way catalytic environmental mitigation reaction for an automobile and an air remediation reaction.
17. A method of making a carbon nanotube (CNT) material, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell having a single discrete void space defined by the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell; and
(b) subjecting the carbon-containing polymeric matrix shell to a graphitization process to form a shell having a carbon nanotube network from the matrix,
wherein a carbon nanotube material is obtained that includes a shell having a network of carbon nanotubes and a single discrete void space defined by the network of carbon nanotubes.