Powder, electrode and battery comprising such a powder
Powder comprising particles comprising a matrix material and silicon-based domains dispersed in this matrix material, whereby the matrix material is carbon or a material that can be thermally decomposed to carbon, whereby either part of the silicon-based domains are present in the form of agglomerates of silicon-based domains whereby at least 98% of these agglomerates have a maximum size of 3 μm or less, or the silicon-based domains are not at all agglomerated into agglomerates.
1. A powder comprising particles, wherein the particles comprise a matrix material and silicon-based domains dispersed in the matrix material, wherein the matrix material comprises carbon or a material that can be thermally decomposed to carbon, wherein the particles comprise at least 90% by weight of said silicon based domains and said matrix material and either part of the silicon-based domains are present in the form of agglomerates of silicon-based domains and at least 98% of the agglomerates have a maximum size of 3 μm or less, or the silicon-based domains are not at all agglomerated into agglomerates.
2. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix material comprises pitch or thermally decomposed pitch.
3. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix material comprises hard carbon.
4. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein at least 98% of the agglomerates of the silicon based domains have a maximum size of 2 μm or less.
5. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein all agglomerates of the silicon based domains have a maximum size of 3 μm or less.
6. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-based domains are either free silicon-based domains that are not completely embedded in the matrix material or are fully embedded silicon-based domains that are completely surrounded by the matrix material, and wherein the percentage of free silicon-based domains is lower than or equal to 4 weight % of the total amount of Si in metallic or oxidized state in the composite powder.
7. The powder according to claim 6 , wherein the percentage of free silicon-based domains is the percentage as determined by placing a sample of the powder in an alkaline solution for a specified time, determining the volume of hydrogen that has evolved after the specified time, calculating the amount of silicon needed for evolving this amount of hydrogen based on a production of two moles of hydrogen for every mole of silicon reacted and dividing this by the total amount of Si in metallic or oxidised state present in the sample.
8. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-based domains have a mass-based average diameter d50 which is less than 500 nm.
9. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-based domains are silicon-based particles.
10. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the particles of the powder contain at least 90% by weight of said silicon-based domains and said matrix material.
11. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the particles have a porosity of less than 20 volume %.
12. An electrode for an electrochemical cell comprising the powder of claim 1 .
13. A battery containing the electrode of claim 12 .
14. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise only a matrix material and silicon-based domains.
15. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix material is a continuous phase.
16. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon content in the silicon-based domains is 80 weight percent or more.
17. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the powder has a BET value of less than 10 m 2 /g.