Panel made of composite material having a layered structure
A panel ( 1 ) has a layered structure including: a first outer layer ( 2 ), an intermediate layer ( 3 ), and a second outer layer ( 4 ). The second outer layer ( 4 ) has a buckling stress lower than a buckling stress of the first outer layer ( 2 ), and the first outer layer ( 2 ) and the second outer layer ( 4 ) each have a compression failure stress higher than the buckling stress of the second outer layer ( 4 ).
1. A panel having a layered structure comprising:
a first outer layer,
an intermediate layer, and
a second outer layer; wherein
the second outer layer has a buckling stress lower than a buckling stress of the first outer layer,
the first outer layer and the second outer layer have each a compression failure stress higher than the buckling stress of the second outer layer, and
the panel has a first bending stiffness when the panel is bent towards the second outer layer and a second bending stiffness when the panel is bent towards the first outer layer, the first bending stiffness is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the second bending stiffness when the panel is bent toward the second outer layer at the same intensity as when the panel is bent toward the first outer layer.
2. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein said first outer layer has a thickness greater than a thickness of said second outer layer.
3. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein said first outer layer and second outer layer are made up of fiber-reinforced materials having a polymer matrix, and wherein said intermediate layer is made of a filler material macroscopically compressible at least in a longitudinal direction with respect to the panel.
4. The panel according to claim 3 , wherein the second layer is lined on one or both sides by means of corresponding lining layers, wherein each lining layer has an elastic modulus lower than the elastic tensile modulus of the reinforcement fibers of the second outer layer.
5. The panel according to claim 3 , wherein the second outer layer is reinforced by means of continuous fibers having an elastic tensile modulus higher than 10 GPa.
6. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is made up of a material having a honeycomb structure, or a polymer foam.
7. The panel according to claim 1 , comprising at least one polymer film interposed between the first outer layer and the intermediate layer and/or between the second outer layer and the intermediate layer, said at least one polymer film being configured to allow the adhesion of the layers it is interposed between.
8. The panel according to claim 7 , wherein the second layer is lined on one or both sides by means of corresponding lining layers, wherein each lining layer has an elastic modulus lower than the elastic tensile modulus of the reinforcement fibers of the second outer layer.
9. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein said first outer layer and said second outer layer are layers resistant to traction with an elastic tensile modulus at least equal to 1 GPa.
10. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer has a macroscopic compressibility modulus in a longitudinal direction that is at least by two orders or magnitude lower than the elastic compression modulus of the first outer layer.
11. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein, σ b/c,2,x ·t 2 >(⅓)·σ max,4,x ·t 4 , in which:
σ b/c,2,x is the buckling stress of said first outer layer, or the compression failure stress where the latter is lower than the buckling stress, in at least one direction x parallel to fibers of the second outer layer,
t 2 is the thickness of the first outer layer,
σ max,4,x is the tensile failure stress of the second outer layer, in the direction x, and
t 4 is the thickness of the second outer layer.
12. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein in at least one direction of the panel, the product between elastic compression modulus of the first outer layer, and the thickness of the first outer layer is higher than the product between the elastic tensile modulus of the second outer layer, and the thickness of the second outer layer.
13. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein said intermediate layer has a thickness being at least five times higher than that of the second outer layer.
14. The panel according to claim 1 , wherein, when the panel is bent towards the second outer layer, tension is applied to fibers of the first outer layer and fibers of the second outer layer are compressed; and when the panel is bent towards the first outer layer, tension is applied to the fibers of the second outer layer and the fibers of the first outer layer are compressed.