Applied magnetic field synthesis and processing of iron nitride magnetic materials
Techniques are disclosed concerning applied magnetic field synthesis and processing of iron nitride magnetic materials. Some methods concern casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one ironbased phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T). Also disclosed are workpieces made by such methods, apparatus for making such workpieces and bulk materials made by such methods.
1. A method comprising:
casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T), wherein the at least one iron-based phase domain comprises at least one α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase domain and wherein the material comprises at least one dopant wherein the at least one dopant comprises at least one of Al, Mn, La, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Zn, Zr, Ca, or a rare earth metal;
wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises an aspect ratio of between about 1.1 and about 50, and wherein aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the length of a longest dimension to the length of a shortest dimension of the anisotropic grain, where the longest dimension and shortest dimension are substantially orthogonal.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein casting the material including iron comprises casting a material including iron and nitrogen in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-nitride phase domain.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein, prior to casting, the concentration of nitrogen in the material is between about 8 atomic percent (at. %) and about 9 at. %.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein casting the material including iron comprises casting a material including iron and at least one of C, B, O, P, Y, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, Zn, or Al in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one phase domain having uniaxial magnetic anisotropy.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain defines a shortest dimension of between about 5 nm and about 300 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises a plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains, and wherein respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to each other.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to the direction of the applied magnetic field, and, wherein, for each respective anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain, the respective easy axis of magnetocrystalline anisotropy is substantially parallel to the respective longest axis.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 0.02 T.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 2.5 T.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 9 T.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applied magnetic field has a gradient between about 0.01 Tesla per meter and about 1000 Tesla per meter.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein casting comprises:
heating a mixture including iron to form a molten mixture including iron; and
cooling the molten mixture including iron to form the workpiece.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein cooling the molten mixture comprises quenching the molten mixture in at least one of water, ice water, brine, an oil, ammonia water, or an amide.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein cooling the molten mixture including iron comprises cooling the molten mixture including iron between cooled rollers to form the workpiece.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein heating the mixture including iron comprises heating the mixture including iron in the presence of the applied magnetic field, and wherein cooling the molten mixture including iron comprises cooling the molten mixture including iron in the presence of the applied magnetic field.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein heating the mixture including iron comprises heating the mixture including iron in a crucible using a radio frequency furnace.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein heating the mixture including iron comprises heating the mixture including iron in a cold crucible, and wherein the mixture is substantially enclosed within a cover material.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising compacting a plurality of the workpieces to form a bulk material.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein compacting the plurality of the workpieces to form the bulk material comprises compacting the plurality of workpieces in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a bulk material including a plurality of iron-based phase domains including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T).
20. A method comprising:
casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T), wherein the at least one iron-based phase domain comprises at least one α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase domain and wherein the material comprises at least one dopant wherein the at least one dopant comprises at least one of Al, Mn, La, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Zn, Zr, Ca, or a rare earth metal;
wherein the applied magnetic field has a gradient between about 0.01 Tesla per meter and about 1000 Tesla per meter.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain defines a shortest dimension of between about 5 nm and about 300 nm.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises a plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains, and wherein respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to each other.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 0.02 T.
24. A method comprising:
casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T), wherein the at least one iron-based phase domain comprises at least one α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase domain and wherein the material comprise at least one dopant wherein the at least one dopant comprises at least one of Al, Mn, La, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Zn, Zr, Ca, or a rare earth metal;
wherein casting comprises heating a mixture including iron to form a molten mixture including iron; and cooling the molten mixture including iron to form the workpiece
wherein cooling the molten mixture comprises quenching the molten mixture in at least one of water, ice water, brine, an oil, ammonia water, or an amide.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain defines a shortest dimension of between about 5 nm and about 300 nm.
26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises a plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains, and wherein respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to each other.
27. The method of claim 24 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 0.02 T.
28. A method comprising:
casting a material including iron in the presence of an applied magnetic field to form a workpiece including at least one iron-based phase domain including uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, wherein the applied magnetic field has a strength of at least about 0.01 Tesla (T), wherein the at least one iron-based phase domain comprises at least one α″-Fe 16 N 2 phase domain and wherein the material comprises at least one dopant wherein the at least one dopant comprises at least one of Al, Mn, La, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Zn, Zr, Ca, or a rare earth metal;
wherein casting comprises heating a mixture including iron to form a molten mixture including iron; and cooling the molten mixture including iron to form the workpiece
wherein heating the mixture including iron comprises heating the mixture including iron in a cold crucible, and wherein the mixture is substantially enclosed within a cover material.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain defines a shortest dimension of between about 5 nm and about 300 nm.
30. The method of claim 28 , wherein the at least one anisotropically-shaped iron-based grain comprises a plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains, and wherein respective long axes of the plurality of anisotropically-shaped iron-based grains are oriented substantially parallel to each other.
31. The method of claim 28 , wherein the strength of the applied magnetic field is greater than about 0.02 T.
32. A workpiece formed by the method of claim 1 .