Method and apparatus for deriving mean arterial pressure of a subject
A method and related apparatus for deriving mean arterial pressure of a subject, including receiving data relating to at least one cardiac cycle of a bio-signal from the subject; normalizing the received data relating to the at least one cardiac cycle; calculating an area enclosed by the normalized received data to obtain a normalized area; calculating a heart rate of the subject from the at least one cardiac cycle; and deriving the mean arterial pressure from the normalized area and heart rate.
1. A method of deriving mean arterial pressure of a subject, the method comprising:
(i) receiving data from an optical sensor relating to at east one cardiac cycle of a bio-signal from the subject including a waveform signal thereof;
(ii) amplitude-normalizing the received data relating to the at least one cardiac cycle by subtracting a minimum value of the waveform signal from the waveform signal to obtain a subtracted signal, and dividing the subtracted signal by a maximum value of the subtracted signal;
(iii) calculating an area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data to obtain an amplitude-normalized area;
(iv) calculating a heart rate of the subject from the at least one cardiac cycle; and
(v) deriving the mean arterial pressure according to the equation:
log(MAP)= b+a 1 log( A )+ a 2 log( HR )
wherein MAP is the mean arterial pressure, A is the amplitude-normalized area, HR is the heart rate, and a 1 , a 2 , and b are predetermined constants.
2. A method of claim 1 , wherein the data relates to a plurality of cardiac cycles and the method includes amplitude-normalizing respective data relating to each of the cardiac cycles; calculating respective areas enclosed by respective amplitude-normalized data to obtain respective amplitude-normalized areas; and obtaining an average amplitude-normalized area from the calculated amplitude-normalized areas as the amplitude-normalized area.
3. A method of claim 2 , wherein the method further includes calculating respective heart rates from respective pairs of the cardiac cycles that are arranged consecutively; and obtaining an average heart rate from the respective heart rates as the heart rate.
4. A method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cardiac cycle includes a pair of cardiac cycles, and wherein calculating the heart rate includes calculating the heart rate according to the equation: HR=60/T,
where HR is the heart rate; and
T is a time period determined between respective consecutive systolic peaks of the pair of cardiac cycles that are arranged consecutively.
5. A method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the heart rate includes calculating the heart rate according to the equation: HR=60/T,
where HR is the heart rate; and
T is a time period determined between respective consecutive valleys of the at least one cardiac cycle.
6. A method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data includes calculating the area with respect to a time axis which defines the at least one cardiac cycle.
7. A method of claim 1 , further comprising:
obtaining pulse pressure of the subject; and
deriving systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the subject according to the respective equations: DBP=MAP−(⅓) PP, and SBP=MAP+(⅔) PP,
where MAP is the mean arterial pressure;
DBP is the diastolic blood pressure;
SBP is the systolic blood pressure; and
PP is the pulse pressure.
8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions which when executed cause an electronic device to:
(i) receive data from an optical sensor relating to at least one cardiac cycle of a bio-signal from a subject including a waveform signal thereof;
(ii) amplitude-normalize the received data relating to the at least one cardiac cycle by subtracting a minimum value of the waveform signal from the waveform signal to obtain a subtracted signal, and dividing the subtracted signal by a maximum value of the subtracted signal;
(iii) calculate an area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data to obtain an amplitude-normalized area;
(iv) calculate a heart rate of the subject from the at least one cardiac cycle; and
(v) derive mean arterial pressure of the subject according to the equation:
log(MAP)= b+a 1 log( A )+ a 2 log( HR )
wherein MAP is the mean arterial pressure, A is the amplitude-normalized area, HR is the heart rate, and a 1 , a 2 , and b are predetermined constants.
9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 8 , wherein the area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data is calculated by calculating the enclosed area with respect to a time axis which defines the at least one cardiac cycle.
10. Apparatus for deriving mean arterial pressure of a subject, the apparatus comprising:
(i) a receiver for receiving data from an optical sensor relating to at least one cardiac cycle of a bio-signal from the subject including a waveform signal thereof;
(ii) a processor for:
(a) amplitude-normalizing the received data relating to the at least one cardiac cycle by subtracting a minimum value of the waveform signal from the waveform signal to obtain a subtracted signal, and dividing the subtracted signal by a maximum value of the subtracted signal;
(b) calculating an area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data to obtain an amplitude-normalized area;
(c) calculating a heart rate of the subject from the at least one cardiac cycle; and
(d) deriving the mean arterial pressure according to the equation:
log(MAP)= b+a 1 log( A )+ a 2 log( HR )
wherein MAP is the mean arterial pressure, A is the amplitude-normalized area, HR is the heart rate, and a 1 , a 2 , and b are predetermined constants.
11. Apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the apparatus is in the form of an electronic device.
12. Apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the apparatus includes an optical measurement device and a telecommunications device having the receiver; and wherein the optical measurement device includes an optical sensor for obtaining the bio-signal from the subject, and a data processing module for determining data relating to the bio-signal, wherein the receiver of the telecommunications device is arranged to receive the determined data of the bio-signal.
13. Apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data is calculated by calculating the enclosed area with respect to a time axis which defines the at least one cardiac cycle.
14. A method according to claim 1 , wherein amplitude normalizing the received data relating to at least one cardiac cycle comprises amplitude-normalizing data relating to a single cardiac cycle to obtain amplitude-normalized received data relating to the single cardiac cycle; and
wherein calculating an area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data to obtain an amplitude-normalized area comprises calculating an area enclosed by the amplitude-normalized received data relating to the single cardiac cycle to obtain the amplitude-normalized area.
15. A method according to claim 6 , comprising calculating an outlier area and subtracting the outlier area from the calculated area to obtain the amplitude-normalized area.
16. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 9 , wherein the instructions when executed cause electronic device to: calculate an outlier area and subtract the outlier area from the calculated area to obtain the amplitude-normalized area.
17. Apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the processor is used for calculating an outlier area and subtracting the outlier area from the calculated area to obtain the amplitude-normalized area.