Magnetically templated tissue engineering scaffolds and methods of making and using the magnetically templated tissue engineering scaffolds
The present disclosure provides magnetically templated tissue scaffolds, methods of making the magnetically templated tissue scaffolds, and various methods of employing the scaffolds for tissue growth and repair in vitro and in vivo, including peripheral nerve repair.
1. A method of making a biocompatible, tissue scaffold having aligned microchannels, the method comprising:
providing a biocompatible precursor material capable of polymerizing or crosslinking to form a gel or solid material upon activation;
providing microparticles comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in a dissolvable, biocompatible matrix material;
combining the microparticles and the biocompatible precursor material in a mold;
applying a magnetic field to the combined microparticles and biocompatible precursor such that the microparticles spatially align within the biocompatible precursor material forming a plurality of columns of adjacent microparticles, where the columns are substantially directionally aligned with one another;
activating the biocompatible precursor material to crosslink or polymerize such that the biocompatible precursor material substantially solidifies, forming a three dimensional (3D) scaffold around the aligned microparticles;
dissolving the matrix material of the microparticles to produce a plurality of aligned voids and microchannels within the scaffold; and
allowing the dissolved matrix material and the released magnetic nanoparticles to diffuse out of the aligned voids and microchannels within the scaffold.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible scaffold is biodegradable.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the microchannels or a network of interconnected microchannels, or both, extend the length of the scaffold.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold is about 2 to 12 cm in length.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticles have a diameter of about 100 nm to 100 μm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microchannels have a diameter of about 1 to 100 μm.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible precursor material comprises a hydrogel precursor that forms a hydrogel upon crosslinking.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible precursor material comprises hyaluronic acid and collagen, wherein the biocompatible precursor material crosslinks to form a hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel upon application of ultraviolet light.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic nanoparticles comprise iron oxide nanoparticles.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticle matrix material comprises a biocompatible, dissolvable hydrogel.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticles comprise iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in a biocompatible, dissolvable, alginate hydrogel matrix.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the microparticles are prepared by combining a water-in-oil emulsion of an alginate salt and iron oxide nanoparticle mixture and crosslinking with a calcium salt to form microparticles comprising iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in a crosslinked alginate hydrogel matrix.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible precursor material, the microparticle matrix material, or both further comprises cells, biomolecules, or both.