Methods and compositions for determining pH
Described herein are nucleic acid molecules and complexes useful as i-switch pH reporters that have increased sensitivities as a pH reporter and have alternate pH reporting capacity ranges. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method for determining pH comprising providing a nucleic acid complex comprising: a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising the sequence C n XC n YC n ZC n (SEQ ID NO. 6) wherein C is cytosine; X, Y and Z are each one or more of adenine, thymine, guanine, or combinations thereof; and n is greater than or equal to 2; and wherein at least 2 cytosine residues of the first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule are modified; and a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule that is partially or fully complementary to the first single-stranded molecule, wherein a first label is conjugated to the first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule or the second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule; and wherein the first label is capable of producing a signal, wherein the intensity of the signal varies as a function of the conformation of the nucleic acid complex; and measuring the intensity of the signal and determining the pH from the measured signal.
1. A method for determining pH in a region of a cell comprising:
a) providing a nucleic acid complex comprising
i) a first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid sequence:
(SEQ ID NO. 8)
5′-CCCTAACCCCTAAC*CC*CTAACC*CC*ATATATATCCTAGAAC
GACAGACAAACAGTGAGTC-3;
(SEQ ID NO. 9)
5′-CCC*CTAACC*CCTAACCC*CTAACC*CCATATATATCCTAGAA
CGACAGACAAACAGTGAGTC-3′;
(SEQ ID NO. 10)
5′-C*CCCTAACCCC*TAAC*CCCTAACCCC*ATATATATCCTAGAA
CGACAGACAAACAGTGAGTC-3′;
or
(SEQ ID NO. 11)
5′-C*C*C*C*TAACCCCTAACCCCTAACCCCATATATATCCTAGAA
CGACAGACAAACAGTGAGTC-3′;
wherein C* is a 5′-bromocytosine or 5′-methylcytosine and wherein the first single-stranded nucleic acid molecule is conjugated with 5′-ALEXA 488 as a first label; and
ii) a second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule that is partially or fully complementary to the first single-stranded molecule, wherein the second single-stranded nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleic acid sequence: 5′-GACTCACTGTTTGTCTGTCGTTCTAGGATAT*ATATTTTGTTATGTGTTATGTG TTAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19)(I 4 comp) and wherein T* is conjugated to ALEXA 647 as a second label, wherein the first label is capable of producing a signal, wherein the intensity of the signal varies as a function of the conformation of the nucleic acid complex which in turn depends on the pH of the region of the cell;
b) introducing the nucleic acid complex into the region of the cell; and
c) measuring the intensity of the signal and determining the pH of the region of the cell from the measured signal.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intensity of the signal varies as a function of at least one of the distance between the first and second labels and the relative orientation of the first and second labels.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second single-stranded nucleic acid molecules are capable of forming an i-motif under acidic conditions.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first nucleic acid strand is capable of forming an intramolecular complex comprising two parallel-stranded C—HC+ base paired duplexes that are intercalated in an anti-parallel orientation at acidic conditions.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the region of the cell comprises cytosol or an organelle.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first single stranded nucleic acid molecule, the second single stranded nucleic acid molecule, or both the first and second single stranded nucleic acid molecule is less than 200 nucleotides.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the organelle comprises mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, chloroplast, nucleus or endosome.