Bijels and methods of making the same

1. A method of making a bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion that is a bijel having temperature-independent stability, comprising:

dispersing surface-active nanoparticles into a monophasic ternary liquid mixture to give rise to a loaded mixture,

wherein the monophasic ternary liquid mixture comprises a hydrophilic liquid, a hydrophobic liquid, and a solvent,

wherein the hydrophilic liquid comprises (i) a liquid that comprises at least one of water, ethylene glycol, and ethane diol, (ii) a polymerizable monomer, or (iii) a combination of the liquid and the polymerizable monomer,

wherein the hydrophobic liquid comprises (i) a liquid that comprises at least one of diethyl phthalate, dimethylphthalate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, 1,6-diacetoxyhexane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, triacetin, toluene, chloroform, laurylacrylate, butylacrylate, decanol, styrene, and oleic acid, (ii) a polymerizable monomer, or (iii) a combination of the liquid and the polymerizable monomer,

wherein the solvent comprises at least one of ethanol, acetic acid, methanol, propanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or acetone, and

wherein the surface-active nanoparticles are wettable equally well by the hydrophilic liquid and the hydrophobic liquid; and

contacting the loaded mixture with water so as to initiate phase separation through spinodal decomposition and induce mass transfer of the solvent and give rise to the bijel having temperature-independent stability.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising dissolving one or more surfactants into the monophasic ternary liquid mixture.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the hydrophilic liquid and the hydrophobic liquid comprises the polymerizable monomer.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein the one or more surfactants and the surface-active nanoparticles are oppositely charged.

5. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the hydrophilic liquid, the hydrophobic liquid and the solvent to form the monophasic ternary liquid mixture.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed continuously.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the loaded mixture with water is effected by injecting a stream of the loaded mixture into the water.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the loaded mixture with water comprises immersing a substrate coated with a thin film of the loaded mixture into the water.

9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the surface-active nanoparticles form a surface of the bijel and wherein the method further comprises modifying the surface-active nanoparticles of the surface with functional groups.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active nanoparticles dispersed in the monophasic ternary mixture include functional groups.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the stream of the loaded liquid mixture is flowed into a water channel using glass capillary based microfluidics.

12. The method of claim 3 , wherein the hydrophilic liquid comprises hydrophilic polymerizable monomers, the hydrophilic polymerizable monomers comprising at least one of polyethyleneglycol diacrylate, acrylamide, or acrylic acid.

13. The method of claim 3 , wherein the hydrophobic liquid comprises hydrophobic polymerizable monomers, the hydrophobic polymerizable monomers comprising at least one of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, butylacrylate, laurylacrylate, styrene, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, or dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the functional groups comprise silanol groups or amino groups.