Imaging spectrometer with freeform surfaces
Expanded performance opportunities for imaging spectrometers are described using ϕ-polynomial freeform surfaces in reflective and diffractive optics. The imaging spectrometers are generally of a type that include an entrance aperture for admitting radiation over a range of wavelengths, a detector array, a primary reflective optic with optical power, a secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a tertiary reflective optic with optical power for collectively imaging the entrance aperture onto the detector array through a range of dispersed positions. One or more of the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic can include a ϕ-polynomial optical surface with no axis of symmetry and represented by a function that depends on both a radial component and an azimuthal component.
1. An imaging spectrometer comprising:
an entrance aperture for admitting radiation over a range of wavelengths;
a detector array;
a primary reflective optic with optical power, a secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a tertiary reflective optic with optical power for collectively imaging the entrance aperture onto the detector array, wherein images of the entrance aperture are displaced along a spectrally registered dimension of the detector array; and
at least one of the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic includes a ϕ-polynomial optical surface with no axis of symmetry and represented by a function that depends on both a radial component and an azimuthal component.
2. The imaging spectrometer of claim 1 in which the ϕ-polynomial freeform optical surface is defined by a Zernike polynomial including a comatic component.
3. The imaging spectrometer of claim 1 in which the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic each include a ϕ-polynomial optical surface with no axis of symmetry.
4. The imaging spectrometer of claim 3 in which the ϕ-polynomial optical surfaces of the primary and tertiary reflective optics are formed as reflective surfaces.
5. An imaging spectrometer comprising:
an entrance aperture for admitting radiation over a range of wavelengths;
a detector array;
a primary reflective optic with optical power, a secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a tertiary reflective optic with optical power for collectively imaging the entrance aperture onto the detector array, wherein images of the entrance aperture are displaced along a spectrally registered dimension of the detector array; and
at least one of the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic includes a ϕ-polynomial optical surface with no axis of symmetry and represented by a function that depends on both a radial component and an azimuthal component,
wherein individual points throughout an image field at the detector array are substantially diffraction limited with a root mean square wavefront error of 0.1 λ or less.
6. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which the spectrally registered dimension of the detector array encompasses a range of wavelengths that is at least one and one-half times greater than a maximum range of wavelengths that would otherwise be possible to image onto the detector array with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
7. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which the entrance aperture is a slit having a length and the slit is imaged onto the detector array in an orientation at which the length of the slit extends in a spatially registered dimension of the detector array orthogonal to the spectrally registered dimension of the detector array.
8. The imaging spectrometer of claim 7 in which the spatially registered dimension of the detector array encompasses a slit length that is at least one and one-half times greater than a maximum slit length that would otherwise be possible to image onto the detector array with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
9. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which an optical pathway from the entrance aperture to the detector array has a volume that is at least one and one-half times less than a minimum volume that would be possible with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
10. The imaging spectrometer of claim 7 in which the imaging spectrometer has a numerical aperture NA, a slit length L s , an angular dispersion θ ω of the wavelengths from the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a spectral étendue of at least 9 millimeter degrees where the spectral étendue is calculated as a product of NA·L s ·θ ω .
11. The imaging spectrometer of claim 1 in which the secondary reflective diffractive optic is formed as a Mangin mirror with a transmissive component having a convex ϕ-polynomial surface and a concave spherical surface that forms together with a reflective component a reflective grating.
12. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which the spectrally registered dimension of the detector array encompasses a range of wavelengths that is at least two times greater than a maximum range of wavelengths that would otherwise be possible to image onto the detector array with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
13. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which the spectrally registered dimension of the detector array encompasses a range of wavelengths that is at least three times greater than a maximum range of wavelengths that would otherwise be possible to image onto the detector array with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
14. The imaging spectrometer of claim 7 in which the spatially registered dimension of the detector array encompasses a slit length that is at least two times greater than a maximum slit length that would otherwise be possible to image onto the detector array with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
15. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which an optical pathway from the entrance aperture to the detector array has a volume that is at least three times less than a minimum volume that would be possible with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
16. The imaging spectrometer of claim 5 in which an optical pathway from the entrance aperture to the detector array has a volume that is at least five times less than a minimum volume that would be possible with a similar set of imaging optics having spherical reflective surfaces achieving similar diffraction limited performance.
17. The imaging spectrometer of claim 7 in which the imaging spectrometer has a numerical aperture NA, a slit length L s , an angular dispersion θ ω of the wavelengths from the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a spectral étendue of at least 12 millimeter degrees where the spectral étendue is calculated as a product of NA·L s ·θ ω .
18. The imaging spectrometer of claim 7 in which the imaging spectrometer has a numerical aperture NA, a slit length L s , an angular dispersion θ ω of the wavelengths from the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a spectral étendue of at least 15 millimeter degrees where the spectral étendue is calculated as a product of NA·L s ·θ ω .
19. The imaging spectrometer of claim 1 in which , the ϕ-polynomial optical surface is a Zernike polynomial surface described by the following equation:
z
=
c
ρ
2
1
+
1
-
(
1
+
k
)
c
2
p
2
+
∑
j
=
1
16
C
j
Z
j
,
where z is a sag of the surface, c is a vertex curvature, k is a conic constant, ρ is a radial component in the aperture, Z j is an i th Zernike polynomial, and C j is a magnitude coefficient of Z j .
20. An imaging spectrometer comprising:
an entrance slit having a length L s for admitting radiation over a range of wavelengths;
a detector array;
a primary reflective optic with optical power, a secondary reflective diffractive optic, and a tertiary reflective optic with optical power for collectively imaging the entrance slit onto the detector array through a numerical aperture NA, wherein images of the entrance slit are displaced along a spectrally registered dimension of the detector array;
the reflective diffractive optic being arranged for dispersing the range of wavelengths through an angle θ ω ; and
at least one of the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic includes a freeform optical surface with no axis of symmetry,
wherein the imaging spectrometer is further defined by a spectral étendue of at least 9 millimeter degrees where the spectral étendue is calculated as a product of NA·L s ·θ ω .
21. The imaging spectrometer of claim 20 in which the spectral étendue is at least 12 millimeter degrees.
22. The imaging spectrometer of claim 20 in which the spectral étendue is at least 15 millimeter degrees.
23. The imaging spectrometer of claim 20 in which the ϕ-polynomial freeform optical surface is defined by a Zernike polynomial including a comatic component.
24. The imaging spectrometer of claim 20 in which the primary reflective optic, the secondary reflective diffractive optic, and the tertiary reflective optic each include a ϕ-polynomial optical surface with no axis of symmetry.