Solvent depression of transition temperature to selectively stimulate actuation of shape memory polymer foams
An embodiment of the invention is a shape memory polymer (SMP) foam designed to recover its original shape through exposure to a solvent. Thermo-responsive SMPs are polymers designed to maintain a programmed secondary shape until heated above their transition temperature, upon which the polymer recovers its original, or primary, shape. The thermo-responsive SMP foam is programmed to its secondary shape prior to use, typically compression of the foam to a small volume, and remains in this programmed shape until exposed to a selected solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethyl alcohol. Upon exposure to the solvent, the transition temperature of the SMP foam decreases below the temperature of the environment and the SMP foam actuates to its primary shape. The SMP foam is tailored to actuate upon exposure to specific solvents while minimizing or preventing actuation when exposed to water or other solvents. This selective solvent actuation can be used to increase working time of a SMP foam device, that is, the time allowed for use of a device without undesired actuation, while maintaining functional SMP actuation. Solvent actuated SMP foams can be used in various applications including, but not limited to, treatment of aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations, tissue engineering, and wound healing.
1. A system comprising:
a polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) foam that transitions from a secondary shape to a primary shape when the foam is heated above its glass transition temperature (Tg);
a solvent that includes a perfluorocarbon; and
a catheter including the foam compressed into its secondary shape;
wherein the Tg is above 38 degrees C. when the foam is dry;
wherein the solvent is configured to plasticize the SMP foam so the Tg itself drops below 38 degrees C. when the solvent is applied to the foam; and
wherein the foam includes at least one polyfunctional diol, the at least one polyfunctional diol including at least one perfluoronated diol.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein both the foam and the solvent are hydrophobic.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the foam is open cell, aliphatic, and exhibits transverse anisotropy.
4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the foam includes a backbone having regularly spaced alkene groups.
5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the alkene groups are crosslinked to each other to render the foam a thermoset SMP.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the foam includes at least one diisocyanate monomer.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the at least one diisocyanate monomer includes isophorone diisocyanate.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the at least one diisocyanate monomer includes isophorone diisocyanate and at least one of hexamethylene diisocyanate, trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, or combinations thereof.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the foam includes at least one of hydroxypropyl ethylenediamine, triethanolamine, or combinations thereof.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one perfluoronated diol includes at least one of: (2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol), (2,2,3,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,5-pentanediol), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol), (1H,1H,8H,8H-Perfluoro-3,6-dioxaoctan-1,8-diol), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-Dodecafluoro-1,8-octanediol), (1H,1H,11H,11H-Perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxaundecan-1,11-diol), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-Tridecafluoro-1,9-nonanediol), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9-Hexadecafluoro-1,10-decanediol), (2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11-Eiacosafluoro-1,12-dodecanediol), or combinations thereof.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon includes at least one of perflourodecalin, perflourophenanthrene, perflouro-n-hexane, or combinations thereof.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has a concentration greater than 30%.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the solvent includes DMSO.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the DMSO has a concentration greater than 85%.
16. The system of claim 1 comprising no heat source based on optical or resistive heating.
17. The system of claim 1 wherein:
the foam is configured to not self actuate to greater than 50% recovery of the primary shape within 30 minutes of exposure to an aqueous environment at less than 38 degrees C.; and
the aqueous environment includes at least one of blood, saline, water, or combinations thereof.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the solvent diffuses through the foam more quickly than water diffuses through the foam.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the SMP foam is a thermoset polymer.
20. The system of claim 6 , wherein the SMP foam is a thermoset polymer.