Modified alginates for cell encapsulation and cell therapy

1. A cell encapsulated by alginate comprising a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more modified alginate monomers having a structure of Formula I:

wherein:

X is oxygen or sulfur, or NR;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, or substituted polyaryl;

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic;

wherein the modified alginate has a molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da and the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

2. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell comprises a cell taken directly from a donor, a cultured cell, a hepatocyte, an islet cell, chondrocytes and other cells that form cartilage, osteoblasts and other cells that form bone, muscle cells, fibroblasts, cells of intestinal origin, and cells derived from the kidney.

3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell secretes a hormone or protein.

4. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulated cell is combined with a humoral factor.

5. The cell of claim 4 , wherein the humoral factor comprises an angiogenic factor, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, growth factor, or a compound which induces differentiation.

6. The cell of claim 1 , wherein for Formula I:

X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR;

Y 1 is hydrogen; wherein Y 2 is hydrogen;

R 1 is

and

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

7. The cell of claim 1 , wherein at least 10% of the modified alginate comprises the one or more modified alginate monomers.

8. A method of treating a patient, comprising transplanting a cell encapsulated in a modified alginate wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more modified alginate monomers having a structure of Formula (I):

wherein:

X is oxygen or sulfur, or NR;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, or substituted polyaryl;

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic;

wherein the modified alginate has a molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da, and the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the patient has a disorder caused by or involving the malfunction of a hormone or protein secreting cell.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the encapsulated cell secretes the hormone or protein.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the patient is treated for diabetes.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cell is implanted into the mesentery, subcutaneous tissue, retroperitoneum, properitoneal space, or intramuscular space.

13. The method of claim 8 , wherein for Formula I:

X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR;

Y 1 is hydrogen; wherein Y 2 is hydrogen;

R 1 is

and

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein at least 10% of the modified alginate comprises modified alginate monomers.

15. The cell of claim 1 , wherein for Formula I:

X is NH;

Y 1 is hydrogen; Y 2 is hydrogen;

R 1 is

and

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

16. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers selected from

17. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

18. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

19. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

20. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is an islet cell.

21. A cell encapsulated by a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers selected from

22. The method of claim 8 , wherein for Formula I:

X is NH;

Y 1 is hydrogen; Y 2 is hydrogen;

R 1 is

and

wherein one of R 4 and R 8 is independently hydrogen and the other of R 4 and R 8 is independently selected from

23. The method of claim 8 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers selected from

24. The method of claim 8 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

25. The method of claim 8 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

26. The method of claim 8 , wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers having the structure

27. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cell comprises an islet cell.

28. The method of claim 8 , wherein the patient is treated for diabetes.

29. A method of treating a patient, comprising transplanting a cell encapsulated in a modified alginate wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more covalently modified monomers selected from

30. A cell encapsulated by a modified alginate, wherein the modified alginate comprises one or more modified alginate monomers having a structure of Formula I:

wherein:

X is oxygen or sulfur, or NR;

R 1 is substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, or substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic, wherein when R 1 is heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic the modified alginate has a contact angle greater than 90°;

Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR) 2 ; or Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown below

R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; or R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and

R is, independently for each occurrence, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic.

31. The cell of claim 30 , wherein the modified alginate has a molecular weight between about 10,000 Da and about 500,000 Da and the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate (G/M) of the modified alginate is greater than about 1:1.