Dynamic focusing head mounted display
A conventional head-mounted display (HMDs) can display a virtual image at a fixed focus (e.g., infinite focus). If the user looks at an object that appears closer than the virtual image, then accommodation by the user's eyes will cause the virtual image to appear blurry. The HMDs disclosed herein include a dynamic electro-active focusing element that changes the focus of the virtual image to account for accommodation by the user. This dynamic electro-active focusing element may include a curved layer of electro-active material, such as nematic or bi-stable (e.g., cholesteric) liquid crystal, disposed between a static concave mirror and a convex surface on a beam splitter or other optical element. Changing the refractive index of the electro-active material causes the focus of the dynamic electro-active focusing element, making it possible to shift the virtual image's focus in as the user's eyes change focus.
1. A head-mounted display apparatus comprising:
a display;
a beam splitter, in optical communication with the display, to transmit light emitted by the display, wherein the beam splitter defines a convex surface;
a concave reflective surface, in optical communication with the beam splitter, to receive the light emitted by the display and transmitted by the beam splitter and to reflect an image of the display to a wearer of the head-mounted display apparatus via the beam splitter; and
a tunable lens, disposed between the beam splitter and the concave reflective surface and having a variable optical power, to vary a focus of the image of the display reflected to the wearer, wherein the tunable lens includes electro-active material disposed between the convex surface and the concave reflective surface, and wherein the concave reflective surface forms at least a portion of a ground plane in electrical communication with the electro-active material.
2. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the display is configured to emit light polarized along an axis perpendicular to an optical axis of the tunable lens.
3. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the electro-active material comprises a layer of nematic liquid crystal material disposed between the beam splitter and the concave reflective surface.
4. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the electro-active material comprises a layer of bi-stable liquid crystal material disposed between the beam splitter and the concave reflective surface.
5. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the beam splitter is configured to transmit ambient light to the wearer.
6. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a plurality of electrodes, disposed between the electro-active material and the convex surface, to apply a voltage gradient to the electro-active material so as to vary a refractive index of the electro-active material.
7. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a controller, operably coupled to the tunable lens, to actuate the tunable lens in response to an input from the wearer.
8. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a controller, operably coupled to the tunable lens and the display, to actuate the tunable lens in response to an image on the display.
9. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the tunable lens comprises orthogonally aligned layers of nematic liquid crystal material.
10. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the tunable lens has a thickness that varies with distance from an optical axis of the concave reflective surface.
11. The head-mounted display apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the convex surface has a radius of curvature different than a radius of curvature of the concave reflective surface.
12. A method of displaying information on a head-mounted display apparatus, the method comprising:
displaying an information-bearing image to a wearer of the head-mounted display apparatus, via the head-mounted display apparatus, at a focus selected to match accommodation of the wearer, the displaying further including:
generating the information-bearing image at a display of the head-mounted display apparatus;
transmitting the information-bearing image through a tunable lens disposed between a beam splitter and a concave reflective surface; and
reflecting the information-bearing image to the wearer via the concave reflective surface and the beam splitter.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
actuating the tunable lens so as to change the focus of the information-bearing image.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein actuating the tunable lens comprises actuating an electro-active material in response to a command from the wearer.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein actuating the tunable lens comprises actuating the tunable lens in response to information in the information-bearing image.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein actuating the tunable lens comprises varying a voltage applied to a liquid crystal material.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
displaying the information-bearing image to the wearer without affecting the focus of a real-world image that the wearer sees through the head-mounted display apparatus.
18. A head-mounted display apparatus comprising:
a display to emit polarized light;
a beam splitter, in optical communication with the display, to transmit a portion of the polarized light emitted by the display, the beam splitter defining a convex surface;
a concave reflective surface, in optical communication with the beam splitter, to receive the portion of the polarized light transmitted by the beam splitter and to reflect an image of the display to a wearer of the head-mounted display apparatus via the beam splitter, wherein the convex surface has a radius of curvature different than a radius of curvature of the concave reflective surface; and
a liquid crystal layer, disposed between the convex surface and the concave reflective surface, to vary a focus of the image of the display reflected to the wearer.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises nematic liquid crystal.
20. A method of displaying information on a head-mounted display apparatus, the method comprising:
displaying an information-bearing image to a wearer of the head-mounted display apparatus, via the head-mounted display apparatus, at a focus selected to match accommodation of the wearer;
sensing the accommodation of the wearer; and
selecting the focus based on the accommodation of the wearer.