Reactor using electrical and magnetic fields
Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a first electrode having a substantially cylindrical inner surface that has a longitudinal axis and forms at least a portion of a confining wall, wherein the confining wall at least partially encloses a confinement region;
a second electrode located within a region interior to the first electrode and separated from the first electrode by at least the confinement region;
at least one magnet configured to provide a magnetic field through the confinement region, at least a portion of the magnetic field in the confinement region being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis;
an inlet to the confinement region for permitting introduction of a fluid to the confinement region, the fluid containing a first reactant;
a second reactant; and
a control system comprising one or both of a voltage source and a current source and configured to (a) control a potential of an electric field substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis, the potential between the first electrode and the second electrode being sufficient to produce an electrical current from the first electrode to the second electrode; (b) generate, from the first reactant, a weakly ionized plasma of ions and neutrals; and (c) by interaction of the electric field and the magnetic field, produce a Lorentzian force that induces azimuthal rotation of the ions around the longitudinal axis, the azimuthal rotation of the ions imparting azimuthal rotation to neutrals of the first reactant, and promoting repeated collisions between one or both of the ions and the neutrals with the second reactant; wherein, during operation:
the repeated collisions between the neutral particles and the reactant produce an interaction produces a product having a nuclear mass that is different from a nuclear mass of any of the nuclei of the neutrals and the second reactant and,
a mole fraction of the ions to the neutrals in the weakly ionized plasma is in the range about of 0.0001% to about 1%.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode has a diameter of at most about 0.5 inches.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode has a length in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a ceramic block thermally coupled to the second electrode and configured to remove thermal energy from the second electrode via conduction.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a linear actuator that is configured to move the second electrode in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are separated by a gap of between about 0.1 mm and about 20 cm.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one magnet comprises at least one permanent magnet having opposite magnetic poles offset from one another in the direction of the longitudinal axis.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one magnet comprises two permanent magnets separated from one another by at least the confinement region and in the direction of the longitudinal axis.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is coated with an electron emitting material.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactant comprises boron 11.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the confining wall comprises one or both of a refractory metal and a stainless steel.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the interaction is a fusion reaction.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the interaction is an aneutronic fusion reaction.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the neutral particles comprise one or more of neutral hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein, during operation, the neutral particles in the confinement region proximate the second electrode have a concentration of at least about 10 20 /cm 3 .
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising one or more electron emitters configured to, during operation, emit electrons into an electron-rich region adjacent to the second electrode.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the confinement region proximate the second electrode comprises an electron-rich region having at least about 10 6 /cm 3 more electrons than positively charged particles.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein, during operation, the electron-rich region includes an electric field strength of at least about 10 6 V/m.