Watermarking
The present invention relates to a watermark formation element for forming watermarks in paper, a cylinder mould cover comprising such a watermark formation element, a method of making such a cylinder mould cover, a method of making paper using such a cylinder mould cover and paper made thereby. The watermark formation element has an integrated body comprising a watermark forming surface, which has one or more watermark forming regions, and a drainage surface. A plurality of drainage channels extend from front surface apertures in the watermark forming surface to the drainage surface. At least some of the front surface apertures are shaped to define at least one of an alphanumeric, a symbol or a pictorial image. A filter layer located between the watermark forming surface and the drainage surface having filter layer apertures which have a maximum width which is less than a smallest width of the front surface apertures.
1. The watermark formation element for forming at least one watermark in a paper, the watermark formation element comprising:
an integrated body comprising a watermark forming surface, which has one or more watermark forming regions, and a drainage surface, the watermark formation element having a plurality of drainage channels extending from front surface apertures in the watermark forming surface to the drainage surface, wherein the front surface apertures are shaped to define at least two different shapes, wherein at least some of the front surface apertures are shaped to define at least one alpha numeric, symbol or pictorial image.
2. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a filter layer located between the watermark forming surface and the drainage surface having filter layer apertures which have a maximum width that is less than a smallest width of the front surface apertures.
3. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the filter layer apertures have a width that is in the range of 0.1 to 1 mm.
4. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the integrated body has a maximum distance from the watermark forming surface to the filter layer is in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 mm.
5. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the filter layer has a thickness in a range of 0.1 to 1.0 mm.
6. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least two different shapes defined by the front surface apertures are negative or positive.
7. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the at least two different shapes defined by the front surface apertures is positive and at least one of the at least two different shapes defined by the at least some of the front surface apertures is negative.
8. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the watermark formation element is formed from a plurality of layers, each layer being provided with drainage apertures, the drainage apertures in each layer at least partially overlap the drainage apertures in any adjacent layers of said plurality of layers to form said drainage channels.
9. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein each layer is formed from a plurality of sub layers.
10. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the layers and/or sub layers are fused together to form the integrated body.
11. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the drainage apertures have a shape that is different in different layers of said plurality of layers.
12. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the drainage apertures have a cross sectional area and/or shape that are not all the same.
13. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the layers are planar.
14. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the layers are non-planar.
15. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the drainage apertures have a shape, size, spacing and/or distribution of that is varied within the one or more watermark forming regions to provide tonal variation in the paper formed thereon.
16. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the watermark formation element is formed by 3D printing.
17. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the watermark formation element is formed from a polymeric material or a plurality of different polymer materials.
18. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the watermark formation element is formed from a metallic material or a plurality of different metallic materials.
19. The watermark formation element as claimed claim 1 , wherein each of the front surface apertures and of any section of the drainage channels have a minimum cross-sectional area of 0.01 mm 2 .
20. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the front surface apertures have a total cross sectional area that is in the range of 1% to 40% of a total surface area of the watermark formation element.
21. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the watermark forming surface is contoured in the one or more watermark forming regions to provide tonal variation in the paper formed thereon.
22. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the front surface apertures that are used to form the at least two different shapes have a minimum width in the range of 0.1 to 5.0 mm.
23. The watermark formation element as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a layer which provides the drainage surface with a thickness in a range of 0.6 to 6.0 mm.