Electrophoretic particles and processes for the production thereof
Polymer shells similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,782 can be formed on pigment particles by (a) physi-sorping a reagent comprising polymerizable groups on to the pigment particles by treating the particle with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, such that the reagent will not desorb from the particle surface when the particle is placed in a hydrocarbon medium; or (b) treating pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, and an electrophilic group, thus attaching the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating groups to the particle surface. The zeta potential of the pigment particles can be varied by a process similar to (b) but using a reagent which does not have a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group.
1. A process for treatment of pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups on their surfaces, the process comprising treating the pigment particles with a reagent having an electrophilic group but not bearing a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group under conditions such that a residue of the reagent is chemically bonded to the pigment particle, the treatment of the pigment particle with the reagent changing the zeta potential of the pigment particle,
wherein the reagent is an alkyl or aralkyl halide.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the pigment particles have previously been treated with a silane coupling agent.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein the pigment particles have previously been treated with a silane coupling agent and have had a polymer shell formed thereon.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the pigment particle is treated with the reagent having the electrophilic group in the presence of a slightly polar organic solvent and in the presence of a non-nucleophilic organic base.
5. A process according to claim 4 wherein the slightly polar organic solvent comprises at least one of toluene and tetrahydrofuran, and the non-nucleophilic organic base comprises at least one of triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine.
6. An electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field, wherein at least one of the charged particles is produced by the process of claim 1 .
7. A process for treatment of pigment particles bearing nucleophilic groups on their surfaces, the process comprising treating the pigment particles with a reagent having an electrophilic group but not bearing a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group under conditions such that a residue of the reagent is chemically bonded to the pigment particle, the treatment of the pigment particle with the reagent changing the zeta potential of the pigment particle,
wherein the pigment particle is treated with the reagent having the electrophilic group in the presence of a slightly polar organic solvent and in the presence of a non-nucleophilic organic base.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein the pigment particles have previously been treated with a silane coupling agent.
9. A process according to claim 8 wherein the pigment particles have previously been treated with a silane coupling agent and have had a polymer shell formed thereon.
10. A process according to claim 7 wherein the slightly polar organic solvent comprises at least one of toluene and tetrahydrofuran, and the non-nucleophilic organic base comprises at least one of triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine.
11. An electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field, wherein at least one of the charged particles is produced by the process of claim 7 .