Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
Capacitors having electrodes made of interconnected corrugated carbon-based networks (ICCNs) are disclosed. The ICCN electrodes have properties that include high surface area and high electrical conductivity. Moreover, the electrodes are fabricated into an interdigital planar geometry with dimensions that range down to a sub-micron scale. As such, micro-supercapacitors employing ICCN electrodes are fabricated on flexible substrates for realizing flexible electronics and on-chip applications that can be integrated with micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology and complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology in a single chip. In addition, capacitors fabricated of ICCN electrodes that sandwich an ion porous separator realize relatively thin and flexible supercapacitors that provide compact and lightweight yet high density energy storage for scalable applications.
1. An energy storage device comprising: a first electrode; and a second electrode separated from the first electrode by a dielectric wherein at least one of either the first electrode or the second electrode is made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network (ICCN) having a plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers, wherein an oxygen content of the expanded and interconnected carbon layers is at most about 5%.
2. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein the first electrode comprises a plurality of first extending electrode digits and the second electrode comprises a plurality of second extending electrode digits that are interdigitated with the first extending electrode digits.
3. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein both the first electrode and the second electrode are made of ICCN.
4. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein either the first electrode or the second electrode is made of a metal and the remaining electrode is made of ICCN.
5. The energy storage device of claim 2 wherein each of the plurality of first extending electrode digits and each of the plurality of second extending electrode digits are greater than about 330 μm in width.
6. The energy storage device of claim 2 wherein an interspace distance between each of the plurality of first extending electrode digits and each of the plurality of second extending electrode digits is less than about 150 μm.
7. The energy storage device of claim 1 having a power density of greater than about 150 W/cm 3 .
8. The energy storage device of claim 1 having a time constant of less than about 20 ms.
9. The energy storage device of claim 1 further including an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.
10. The energy storage device of claim 9 wherein the electrolyte provides a voltage window between a maximum charged voltage and a minimum discharged voltage of about 2.5 V.
11. The energy storage device of claim 9 wherein the electrolyte is an ionogel.
12. The energy storage device of claim 9 wherein the electrolyte is fumed silica (FS) nano-powder mixed with an ionic liquid.
13. The energy storage device of claim 12 wherein the ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide.
14. The energy storage device of claim 9 wherein the electrolyte is a hydrogel.
15. The energy storage device of claim 14 wherein the hydrogel is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-H 2 SO 4 .
16. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein each of the expanded and interconnected carbon layers comprises at least one corrugated carbon sheet that is one atom thick.
17. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers yields an electrical conductivity that is greater than about 1500 S/m.
18. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers has a surface area that is greater than about 1000 m 2 /g.
19. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers yields an electrical conductivity that is greater than about 1700 S/m and a surface area that is about 1500 m 2 /g.
20. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein a range of thicknesses of the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers is from about 7 μm to about 8 μm.
21. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers has a sheet resistance that is tunable within a range of about 20 megaohms per square to about 80 ohms per square.
22. The energy storage device of claim 1 wherein a number of carbon layers in the plurality of expanded and interconnected carbon layers is greater than about 100.
23. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the energy storage device comprises a capacitor, a battery, a supercapacitor, an ultracapacitor, a pseudocapacitor, a hybrid capacitor, an electrochemical capacitor, or an electric double-layer capacitor.