Electrical treatment of hydrocephalus
A method is provided that includes implanting a first electrode at a first site in a brain of a subject suffering from hydrocephalus, and a second electrode at a second site in the subject. The hydrocephalus is treated by electroosmotically driving fluid out of the first site, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes.
1. A method comprising:
implanting a first electrode at a first site in a cerebral cortex of a brain of a subject suffering from hydrocephalus;
implanting a second electrode at a second site in a superior sagittal sinus of the subject; and
treating the hydrocephalus by electroosmotically driving fluid from the cerebral cortex to the superior sagittal sinus, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes.
2. The method according to claim 1 ,
wherein the hydrocephalus is normal pressure hydrocephalus,
wherein implanting the first and the second electrodes comprises implanting the first and the second electrodes in the subject suffering from normal pressure hydrocephalus, and
wherein treating the hydrocephalus comprises treating the normal pressure hydrocephalus by electroosmotically driving the fluid out of the first site.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage as direct current.
4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising providing a rest period during which the treatment voltage is not applied, and applying, during the rest period, an opposite voltage between the first and the second electrodes, the opposite voltage being opposite to the treatment voltage and having a lower magnitude than the treatment voltage.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying a capacitative current.
6. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising detecting a pressure difference between the first and the second sites, wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected pressure difference.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein detecting the pressure difference comprises detecting a voltage between the first and the second sites, and wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected voltage.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein detecting the detected voltage comprises detecting a streaming potential.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein detecting the voltage between the first and the second sites comprises detecting a voltage between the first and second electrodes.
10. A method comprising:
implanting a first electrode at a first site within a subarachnoid cavity of a brain of a subject suffering from hydrocephalus; implanting a second electrode at a second subcutaneous site of the subject outside the brain, and
treating the hydrocephalus by electroosmotically driving fluid out of the subarachnoid cavity, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes.
11. The method according to claim 10 ,
wherein the second electrode is integral with a casing of a control unit, and
wherein implanting the second electrode comprises subcutaneously implanting the casing of the control unit.
12. The method according to claim 10 ,
wherein the hydrocephalus is normal pressure hydrocephalus,
wherein implanting the first and the second electrodes comprises implanting the first and the second electrodes in the subject suffering from normal pressure hydrocephalus, and
wherein treating the hydrocephalus comprises treating the normal pressure hydrocephalus by electroosmotically driving the fluid out of the first site.
13. The method according to claim 10 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage as direct current.
14. The method according to claim 10 , further comprising providing a rest period during which the treatment voltage is not applied, and applying, during the rest period, an opposite voltage between the first and the second electrodes, the opposite voltage being opposite to the treatment voltage and having a lower magnitude than the treatment voltage.
15. The method according to claim 10 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying a capacitative current.
16. The method according to claim 10 , further comprising detecting a pressure difference between the first and the second sites, wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected pressure difference.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein detecting the pressure difference comprises detecting a voltage between the first and the second sites, and wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected voltage.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein detecting the detected voltage comprises detecting a streaming potential.
19. The method according to claim 17 , wherein detecting the voltage between the first and the second sites comprises detecting a voltage between the first and second electrodes.