Reducing deformation in capacitors

1. A method of fabricating a capacitor, comprising:

acquiring a sheet of material having a first phase of an anode metal oxide on an anode metal, the anode metal oxide being an oxide of the anode metal, the anode metal being aluminum;

converting a portion of the first phase of the anode metal oxide to a second phase of the anode metal oxide; and

removing at least a portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide from the sheet of material.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an anode is extracted from the sheet of material so as to convert the portion of the first phase of the anode metal oxide to the second phase of the anode metal oxide, and

wherein removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide from the sheet of material includes removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide from the anode.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anode is placed in the capacitor before the second oxide phase is removed.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anode is in direct physical contact with a liquid electrolyte while removing the portion of the second oxide phase from the anode.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anode is in contact with an electrolyte while removing the portion of the second oxide phase from the anode, and

removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide from the anode includes reacting the second phase of the anode metal with a component of the electrolyte.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein reacting the second phase of the anode metal with a component of the electrolyte includes causing a hydration reaction between the electrolyte and the second phase of the anode metal.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide includes exposing the anode to a temperature between 50° C. and 90° C. for a time from 5 minutes to 34 hours.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein extracting the anode from the sheet of material includes using a laser to cut the sheet of material.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein heat from the laser converts the portion of the first phase of the anode metal oxide to the second phase of the anode metal oxide.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the laser has a pulsed laser beam and a duration of the pulses is greater than 0 s and less than a microsecond.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein a pulse frequency is greater than 0 Hz and less than 2000 kHz and the laser beam has a power density greater than 2×10 5 W/cm 2 .

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the sheet of material includes an anode metal, and

a power density of the laser beam is selected such that a temperature of the sheet of material during the laser cutting is raised above a boiling point of the anode metal in one pulse.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode is placed in the capacitor before the second oxide phase is removed,

removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide includes performing a cycle that includes a high temperature stage, a low temperature stage, and a charging stage, the low temperature stage is performed between performing the high temperature stage and performing the charging stage,

the high temperature stage exposing the capacitor to a temperature above 50° C. for longer than 5 min,

the low temperature stage exposing the capacitor to a temperature above 20° C. and less than 50° C. for a time longer than 1 minute, and

the charging stage charging the capacitor to more than 400 V and then discharging the capacitor.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the cycle is repeated two or more times.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first phase of the anode metal oxide is less electrically conductive than the second phase of the anode metal oxide.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first phase of the anode metal oxide is boehmite and the second oxide phase is alpha phase corundum oxide (α-Al 2 O 3 ).

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide is included in a cycle,

the cycle including an oxide restoration phase that is performed after removing the portion of the second phase, the oxide restoration phase forming the first phase of the anode metal oxide on the sheet of material.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the cycle is repeated at least twice.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sheet of material is aluminum, the first oxide phase is boehmite and the second oxide phase is alpha phase corundum oxide (α-Al 2 O 3 );

an anode is extracted from the sheet of material so as to convert the portion of the first phase of the anode metal oxide to the second phase of the anode metal oxide;

the anode is placed in the capacitor before the second oxide phase is removed;

removing the portion of the second phase of the anode metal oxide also includes performing a cycle that includes a high temperature stage, a low temperature stage, and a charging stage, the low temperature stage is performed between performing the high temperature stage and performing the charging stage,

the high temperature stage exposing the capacitor to a temperature above 50° C. for longer than 5 min,

the low temperature stage exposing the capacitor to a temperature above 20° C. and less than 50° C. for a time longer than 1 minute, and

the charging stage charging the capacitor to more than 400 V and then discharging the capacitor; and

the cycle is repeated two or more times.