Laser shock peening within an additive manufacturing process
The present disclosure generally relates to methods and apparatuses for laser shock peening during additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Such methods and apparatuses can be used to embed microstructural and/or physical signatures into manufactured objects, and such embedded chemical signatures may find use in anti-counterfeiting operations and in manufacture of objects with multiple materials.
1. A method of fabricating an object, comprising:
(a) irradiating at least a portion of a given layer of build material with an energy source to form at least one solidified region;
(b) providing a subsequent layer of build material;
(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until the object is formed;
(d) at least one step of placing a confinement material over the at least one solidified region;
(e) at least one step of irradiating, through the confinement medium, at least one portion of the solidified region to modify the density or microstructure of the solidified material with minimal ablating or melting of the solidified material,
wherein step (e) comprises at least one step of irradiating, through the confinement medium, the at least one portion of the solidified region to form a localized laser shock peening therein, and
after (e), removing the confinement medium from the at least one portion of the solidified region.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the confinement medium after the at least one step of irradiating the at least one portion of the solidified region through the confinement medium.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the build material is a powdered metal.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the irradiating in step (a) and the irradiating in step (e) are carried out with the same laser source.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the irradiating in step (a) and the irradiating in step (e) are carried out with different energy sources.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the irradiating in step (a) is with an electron beam source.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one step of irradiating the at least one portion of the solidified region modifies the at least one portion of the solidified region, to form a modified solidified region, wherein the modified solidified region differs from the solidified region in one or more of the following ways:
the modified solidified region is more opaque to x-rays than the solidified region;
the modified solidified region is more opaque to radioactivity than the solidified region;
the modified solidified region has a different density than the solidified region;
the modified solidified region has a different microstructure than the solidified region;
the modified solidified region has different internal stresses from the solidified region; and
the modified solidified region has a different absorbance energy than the solidified region as measured by computed tomography (CT) scanning.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the microstructure of the modified solidified region includes a difference in one or more of the crystalline structure, grain size, or grain orientation compared to the microstructure of the solidified region.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the confinement medium is selected from glass, polymer, quartz, multi-layered materials, and liquid-filled capsules.
10. An apparatus for metal-based additive manufacturing, comprising:
a laser source;
a powder dispenser;
a confinement medium dispenser;
an electron beam source;
a positioning unit to move the confinement medium dispenser in at least two dimensions, and
wherein the powder dispenser comprises a recoater arm moveable in a first direction, and wherein the confinement medium dispenser is attached to the recoater arm, wherein the confinement medium dispenser is moveable with the recoater in the first direction and moveable along the recoater arm in a second direction.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a galvo scanner.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a confinement medium storage container.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the powder is a metal powder.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the confinement medium dispenser is adapted to dispense a confinement medium onto a layer of a solidified build material.
15. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the confinement medium is selected from glass, polymer, quartz, multi-layer materials, and liquid-filled capsules.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the confinement medium dispenser is not attached to the recoater arm.