Material and process for electrochemical deposition of nanolaminated brass alloys
Described herein are methods of preparing nanolaminated brass coatings and components having desirable and useful properties. Also described are nanolaminated brass components and plastic and polymeric substrates coated with nanolaminated brass coatings having desirable and useful properties.
1. An article, comprising: a nanolaminated brass coating comprising periodic layers of electrodeposited species, microstructures, or both, at least two of the periodic layers independently having thicknesses from about 2 nanometers (nm) to about 200 nm, the nanolaminated brass coating having a first thickness and a first composition,
wherein the nanolaminated brass coating has an ultimate tensile strength, a flexural modulus, a modulus of elasticity, a stiffness ratio, or a combination thereof that is greater than an ultimate tensile strength, a flexural modulus, a modulus of elasticity, a stiffness ratio, or a combination thereof of a homogenous brass coating deposited using a direct current with a single current density, the homogenous brass coating having a second thickness that is substantially equivalent to the first thickness and a second composition that is substantially equivalent to the first composition.
2. The article of claim 1 , further comprising a mandrel that is separable from the nanolaminated brass coating.
3. The article of claim 1 , further comprising a polymeric substrate that has been rendered conductive, the nanolaminated brass coating being on a surface of the polymeric substrate.
4. The article of claim 3 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises glass or mineral fillers, or is reinforced by carbon fiber or glass fiber, or a combination thereof.
5. The article of claim 3 , wherein the flexural modulus of the nanolaminated brass coating exhibits about a three-fold increase relative to a flexural modulus of the polymeric substrate without the nanolaminated brass coating, when the nanolaminated brass coating has a cross-sectional area of 5% of a total cross-sectional area of the article.
6. The article of claim 3 , where the nanolaminated brass coating exhibits more than about a 2.8 fold increase in stiffness relative to the polymeric substrate without the nanolaminated brass coating, when the nanolaminated brass coating has a cross-sectional area of about 10% of a total cross-sectional area of the article.
7. The article of claim 3 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a plastic.
8. The article of claim 3 , further comprising a layer of a conductive material between the polymeric substrate and the nanolaminated brass coating.
9. The article of claim 1 , wherein the second thickness is from about 95% to 105% of the first thickness.
10. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminated brass coating has a surface with an arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of less than about 4 microns.
11. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminated brass coating comprises greater than 200 periodic layers.
12. The article of claim 1 , wherein each of the periodic layers has a thickness ranging from about 2 nm to about 2,000 nm.
13. The article of claim 1 , wherein the ultimate tensile strength of the nanolaminated brass coating is at least 10% greater than the ultimate tensile strength of the homogeneous brass coating.
14. The article of claim 1 , wherein the nanolaminated brass coating has a modulus of elasticity that is greater than 60 GPa.
15. The article of claim 1 , wherein the ultimate tensile strength of the nanolaminated brass coating is at least 30% greater than the ultimate tensile strength of the homogeneous brass coating.
16. An article comprising:
a polymeric substrate; and
a nanolaminated brass coating on at least a portion of a surface of the polymeric substrate, the nanolaminated brass coating having a desired thickness and comprising periodic layers of (i) electrodeposited species and/or (ii) electrodeposited species microstructures, each of the periodic layers having a thickness ranging from 2 nanometers (nm) to 2,000 nm, at least two of the periodic layers having a thickness ranging from 2 nm to 200 nm, the nanolaminated brass coating comprising more than 50 of the periodic layers.
17. The article of claim 16 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a non-conductive polymeric substrate that has been rendered conductive.
18. The article of claim 17 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises ABS, ABS/polyamide blend, ABS/polycarbonate blend, a polyamide, a polyethylene imine, a poly ether ketone, a poly ether ether ketone, a poly aryl ether ketone, an epoxy, an epoxy blend, a polyethylene, a polycarbonate, or a combination thereof.
19. The article of claim 16 , wherein the polymeric substrate comprises a conductive plastic.
20. The article of claim 16 , wherein the nanolaminated brass coating comprises greater than 200 periodic layers.
21. The article of claim 16 , wherein each of the periodic layers has a thickness ranging from 2 nm to 200 nm.
22. The article of claim 16 , wherein at least two periodic layers differ in thickness by more than 5%.
23. The article of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the periodic layers has a zinc concentration ranging from 60% to 80%.
24. The article of claim 16 , comprising an outermost layer, the outermost layer comprising a metal or an alloy that is more noble than any of the periodic layers.
25. The article of claim 16 , further comprising a layer of a conductive material between the polymeric substrate and the nanolaminated brass coating.