Quantitative heart testing
Heart condition and function can be quantified using repolarization measures and/or repolarization indices derived from a time-frequency transform of an electrocardiogram, e.g., based on points in time associated with the T wave. The electrocardiograms, time-frequency maps derived therefrom, and/or indices obtained by analysis of the time-frequency maps and electrocardiograms may be assembled into a user interface. Further embodiments are described.
1. A method comprising:
using one or more electrodes placed on a patient, measuring one or more electrocardiograms associated with one or more respective leads;
converting the one or more electrocardiograms by time-frequency transform into one or more respective two-dimensional time-frequency maps;
identifying, within the one or more electrocardiograms, one or more points in time associated with a T wave;
determining, for at least one of the one or more time-frequency maps, one or more repolarization measures corresponding to extrema of the respective time-frequency map at the one or more points in time associated with the T wave; and
outputting at least one repolarization index based on the one or more repolarization measures.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising normalizing each of the one or more time-frequency maps based at least in part on a difference between a maximum and a minimum identified in the respective time-frequency map across time in an interval encompassing an RS segment and across frequency, wherein the one or more repolarization measures are determined from the normalized time-frequency maps.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein normalizing the one or more time-frequency maps comprises shifting each time-frequency map to a minimum equal to zero and thereafter scaling the respective time-frequency map based on the maximum.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time interval across which the maximum and minimum are identified in the time-frequency map encompasses at least one heartbeat.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time interval across which the maximum and minimum are identified in the time-frequency map encompasses a measurement time of the associated electrocardiogram in its entirety.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time interval across which the maximum and minimum are identified in the time-frequency map corresponds to an integer number of heartbeats.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more points in time associated with the T wave fall within a time interval defined by points preceding and following a maximum of the T wave at which the T wave assumes half of its maximum value.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more points in time associated with the T wave comprise a first point in time preceding the maximum of the T wave and a second point in time following the maximum of the T wave.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising comparing a first repolarization measure corresponding to an extremum at the first point in time with a second repolarization measure corresponding to an extremum at the second point in time.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising determining a heart condition based on the comparison.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising causing the heart condition to be communicated to a user.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein an abnormal heart condition is determined based on the second repolarization measure being greater than the first repolarization measure.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrocardiograms and respective repolarization measures include electrocardiograms and repolarization measures for at least one lead associated with a left ventricle of the patient's heart and at least one lead associated with a right ventricle of the patient's heart, the method further comprising comparing a left ventricular repolarization index determined based on the at least one repolarization measure determined for the left ventricle with a right ventricular repolarization index determined based on the at least one repolarization measure determined for the right ventricle.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising determining a heart condition based on the comparison.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising causing the heart condition to be communicated to a user.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein an abnormal heart condition is determined based on the right ventricular repolarization index being greater than the left ventricular repolarization index.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the left ventricular repolarization index comprises an average over multiple repolarization measures, corresponding to extrema at a selected one of the points in time, determined based on electrocardiograms measured for multiple respective leads associated with the left ventricle, and the right ventricular repolarization index is determined by averaging over multiple repolarization measures, corresponding to extrema at the selected point in time, determined based on electrocardiograms measured for multiple respective leads associated with the right ventricle.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one repolarization index comprises an average over two or more repolarization measures.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the average is taken over two or more heart beats.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the average is taken over two or more leads.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one repolarization index comprises an adjustment factor that is based on at least one of an age or a gender of the patient.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one repolarization index is based on the at least one repolarization measure and a heart rate of the patient.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time-frequency transform comprises a continuous wavelet transform and the time-frequency map comprises a scalogram.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time-frequency maps are absolute-value maps.
25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a heart condition based on a comparison of the at least one repolarization index against a threshold.
26. The method of claim 25 , further comprising causing the heart condition to be communicated to a user.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein an abnormal heart condition is determined based on the at least one repolarization index being below the threshold.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outputting comprises causing the at least one repolarization index to be displayed in a user interface.
29. A heart test system comprising:
an electrode interface configured to receive one or more electrocardiogram signals via one or more respective electrodes connectable to the electrode interface; and
a processing facility communicatively coupled to the electrode interface, the processing facility comprising at least one computer processor and memory storing instructions for execution by the at least one computer processor, the instructions, when executed, causing the at least one computer processor to:
generate, from the one or more electrocardiogram signals, one or more electrocardiograms for one or more respective leads;
convert the one or more electrocardiograms by time-frequency transform into one or more respective two-dimensional time-frequency maps;
identify, within the one or more electrocardiograms, one or more points in time associated with a T wave;
determine, for at least one of the one or more time-frequency maps, one or more repolarization measures corresponding to extrema of the respective time-frequency map at the one or more points in time associated with the T wave; and
output at least one repolarization index based on the one or more repolarization measures.