Photo-assisted fast charging of lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn2O4) in lithium-ion batteries

1. An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode comprising lithium and graphite, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and an externally powered light source that is directed at the cathode during a charging cycle, wherein the electrochemical cell is configured to be charged by application of an external voltage bias, and the electrochemical cell is configured to charge faster when the cathode is illuminated by the externally powered light source compared to an electrochemical cell without the externally powered light source;

wherein, the cathode comprises:

Li 1+x″ Ni α Mn β Co γ O 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCrMnO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCo 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 F, Li 5 FeO 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 , LiM 4 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNi 1-x Co y M 4 z O 2 , or Li 1+x″ Ni α Mn β Co γ M 5 δ′ O 2-z″ F z″ ;

M 4 is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, or Si;

M 5 is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti;

0≤x≤0.3; 0≤y≤0.5; 0≤z≤0.5; 0≤x″≤0.4; 0≤α≤1; 0≤β≤1; 0≤γ≤1; 0≤δ′≤0.4; and 0≤z″≤0.4, with the proviso that at least one of α, β, and γ is greater than 0.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the externally powered light source is a broadband white light source or a monochromatic light source.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the externally powered light source is a light emitting diode, a xenon lamp, a laser, or optical fiber.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium ion battery.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material comprising LiFePO 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiMn 1/3 Co 1/3 Ni 1/3 O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCrMnO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCo 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 F, Li 2 MnO 3 , or Li 5 FeO 4 .

6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiMn 1/3 Co 1/3 Ni 1/3 O 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCrMnO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCo 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiMnPO 4 , or Li 2 MnO 3 .

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 further comprising a separator disposed between the cathode and the anode.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises LiFePO 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 , LiMn 1/3 Co 1/3 Ni 1/3 O 2 , or LiMn 2 O 4 .

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises LiMn 2 O 4 .

10. An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode comprising lithium and graphite, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a cathode illumination source configured to direct an externally powered light source at the cathode during a charging cycle by an applied voltage bias;

wherein, the cathode comprises:

LiCo 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNi 1-x CO y M 4 z O 2 , or Li 1+x″ Ni α Mn β Co γ M 5 δ′ O 2-z″ F z″ , Li x′ (Met)O 2 ;

wherein:

Met is a transition metal or mixture of any two or more transition metals;

1<x′≤2;

M 4 is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, or Si;

M 5 is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti;

0≤x″≤0.4; 0≤α≤1; 0≤β≤1; 0≤γ≤1; 0≤δ′≤0.4; 0≤x≤0.3; 0≤y≤0.5; 0≤z≤0.5; and 0≤z″≤0.4.

11. An electrochemical cell comprising a cathode, an anode comprising lithium and graphite, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a cathode illumination source that is a light emitting diode configured to direct light at the cathode during a charging cycle;

wherein, the cathode comprises:

Li 1+x″ Ni α Mn β Co γ O 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCr 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCrMnO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCo 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 F, Li 5 FeO 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 , LiM 4 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiNi 1-x Co y M 4 z O 2 , or Li 1+x″ Ni α Mn β Co γ M 5 δ′ O 2-z″ F z″ ;

M 4 is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, or Si;

M 5 is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti;

0≤x≤0.3; 0≤y≤0.5; 0≤z≤0.5; 0≤x″≤0.4; 0≤α≤1; 0β≤1; 0≤γ≤1; 0≤δ′≤0.4; and 0≤z″≤0.4, with the proviso that at least one of α, β, and γ is greater than 0.