Method and apparatus for detection of heartbeat characteristics
Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to detecting Atrial Fibrillation (AF). As may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments, a time series of inter-beat intervals is computed from a recording of activity of a beating heart. The time series is decomposed into subcomponents, and an envelope of at least one of the subcomponents is computed. The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is detected based upon characteristics of the envelope that are indicative of AF.
1. A method comprising:
computing a time series of inter-beat intervals from a recording of activity of a beating heart;
decomposing the time series of inter-beat intervals into subcomponents;
computing the energy of at least two of the subcomponents; and
determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon relative energy of the at least two subcomponents.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein
computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing energy content of high frequency portions of the at least two subcomponents and computing energy content of low frequency portions of the at least two subcomponents; and
determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon relative energy of the at least two subcomponents includes determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon the energy content of the high frequency portions and the energy content of the low frequency portions.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein
computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing energy content of high frequency portions of the at least two subcomponents and computing energy content of low frequency portions of the at least two subcomponents; and
determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon relative energy of the at least two subcomponents includes determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon a ratio of the energy content of the high frequency portions to the energy content of the low frequency portions.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon the relative energy of the at least two subcomponents includes:
detecting the relative energy difference between the at least two subcomponents over a period of time; and
determining that atrial fibrillation is absent in response to the relative energy not exceeding a threshold energy for a predetermined period of time.
5. The method of claim 4 , further including, in response to determining that atrial fibrillation is not absent in at least some of the time series of inter-beat intervals, computing a metric of entropy for the series of inter-beat intervals to confirm the presence of atrial fibrillation.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein computing the metric of entropy includes computing the entropy in response to detecting a first order irregularity in the inter-beat intervals.
7. The method of claim 1 , further including, in response to determining that atrial fibrillation is not absent in at least some of the time series of inter-beat intervals, computing a metric of entropy for the series of inter-beat intervals to confirm the presence of atrial fibrillation.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing the energy of high frequency beat-to-beat fluctuations in the inter-beat intervals, the high frequency being of a frequency that corresponds to expected frequencies of atrial fibrillation.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes, for each of the at least two of the subcomponents:
identifying premature beats; and
for ones of the beats not identified as premature, computing the energy of high frequency beat-to-beat fluctuations in the inter-beat intervals thereof, the high frequency being of a frequency that corresponds to expected frequencies of atrial fibrillation.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein computing the energy of the high frequency beat-to-beat fluctuations includes identifying low frequency changes in the inter-beat intervals corresponding to respiratory sinus arrhythmia and changes in physical activity, and excluding the identified low frequency changes from the computation of the energy of the high frequency beat-to-beat fluctuations.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that atrial fibrillation is absent includes determining that energy of low frequency ones of the subcomponents is higher than energy in high frequency ones of the subcomponents.
12. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing the energy of an envelope of ones of the subcomponents corresponding to a series of the inter-beat intervals over a period of time, the envelope representing power in a band of frequencies as a function of time; and
further including determining that atrial fibrillation is present in response to an energy level in the envelope exceeding a threshold energy level.
13. The method of claim 1 ,
wherein computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing the energy of an envelope of ones of the subcomponents corresponding to a series of the inter-beat intervals over a period of time, the envelope representing power in a band of frequencies as a function of time; and
further including determining that atrial fibrillation is present in response to an energy level in the envelope exceeding a threshold energy level for a predefined portion of the period of time.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon relative energy of the at least two subcomponents includes assessing the at least two subcomponents for the presence of ectopic beats and determining that atrial fibrillation is absent in response to detecting an ectopic beat.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that atrial fibrillation is absent based upon relative energy of the at least two subcomponents includes:
assessing the at least two subcomponents for the presence of an ectopic beat based upon the energy content of the high frequency portions relative to the energy content of the low frequency portions; and
determining that atrial fibrillation is absent in response to detecting an ectopic beat.
16. A method comprising:
computing a time series of inter-beat intervals from a signal depicting activity of a beating heart;
decomposing the time series of inter-beat intervals into subcomponents;
computing the energy of at least two of the subcomponents; and
determining a likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation based upon relative energy in the at least two subcomponents.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein determining the likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation includes comparing the energy of high frequency portions of the subcomponents to the energy of low frequency portions of the subcomponents, and determining that atrial fibrillation is present in response to the high frequency portions having higher energy than the low frequency portions.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein
computing the energy of the at least two of the subcomponents includes computing the energy of high frequency portions of the at least two of the subcomponents that exceed a predefined frequency over time, and
determining the likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation includes determining that atrial fibrillation is present in response to the energy of the high frequency portions exceeding a threshold for a predetermined period of time.
19. An apparatus comprising:
sensing circuitry configured and arranged to receive a signal depicting activity of a beating heart;
logic circuitry configured and arranged to determine a likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation by:
computing a time series of inter-beat intervals from the received signal;
decomposing the time series of inter-beat intervals into subcomponents;
computing the energy of at least two of the subcomponents; and
determining a likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation based upon relative energy in the at least two subcomponents.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the logic circuitry is configured and arranged to determine the likelihood of the presence of atrial fibrillation by:
comparing the energy of high frequency portions of the subcomponents to the energy of low frequency portions of the subcomponents, and
determining that atrial fibrillation is present in response to the high frequency portions having higher energy than the low frequency portions for a predetermined period of time.