Solid carbon products comprising carbon nanotubes and methods of forming same
Methods of forming solid carbon products include disposing a plurality of nanotubes in a press, and applying heat to the plurality of carbon nanotubes to form the solid carbon product. Further processing may include sintering the solid carbon product to form a plurality of covalently bonded carbon nanotubes. The solid carbon product includes a plurality of voids between the carbon nanotubes having a median minimum dimension of less than about 100 nm. Some methods include compressing a material comprising carbon nanotubes, heating the compressed material in a non-reactive environment to form covalent bonds between adjacent carbon nanotubes to form a sintered solid carbon product, and cooling the sintered solid carbon product to a temperature at which carbon of the carbon nanotubes do not oxidize prior to removing the resulting solid carbon product for further processing, shipping, or use.
1. A method of forming a structure comprising solid carbon products by additive manufacturing, the method comprising:
providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate, the powder mixture comprising at least one solid carbon product selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers and a material selected from the group consisting of a metal material and a ceramic material;
exposing the first layer of the powder mixture to electromagnetic radiation from a laser to form a first layer of a structure comprising covalently bonded carbon atoms, wherein exposing the first layer of the powder mixture to electromagnetic radiation comprises exposing the first layer of the powder mixture to at least a melting temperature of the material and below a melting temperature of the at least one solid carbon product;
forming a second layer of the powder mixture over the first layer of the structure; and
exposing the second layer of the powder mixture to electromagnetic radiation from the laser to form a second layer of the structure comprising covalently bonded carbon atoms and to form covalent bonds between carbon atoms of the first layer of the structure and carbon atoms of the second layer of the structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
selecting the first layer of the powder mixture to comprise carbon nanotubes.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
selecting the first layer of the powder mixture to comprise carbon nanofibers.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the metal material from the group consisting of at least one material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, palladium, silver, cadmium, tin, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, and gold.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate comprises selecting the at least one solid carbon product to constitute between about 1 weight percent and about 50 weight percent of the powder mixture.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate comprises providing a powder mixture comprising between about 50 weight percent and about 99 weight percent of the material over the substrate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate comprises providing a first layer of a powder mixture having a thickness between about 10 nm and about 100 μm over the substrate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate comprises providing the first layer over the substrate such that the first layer exhibits a cross-sectional shape of a structure selected from the group consisting of a beam, a fastener, a propeller, a crankshaft, a gear, a bushing, a piston, a turbine, a turbine blade, and engine block, and an electrically conductive member.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture over a substrate comprises providing a powder mixture comprising particles selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers coated with the material over the substrate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a first layer of a powder mixture comprising over a substrate comprises providing a powder mixture comprising particles of the material coated with the at least one solid carbon product.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the material from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium oxide, palladium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium.
12. The method of claim 1 ,
further comprising selecting the ceramic material from the group consisting of at least one carbide, at least one oxide, at least one nitride, at least one silicide, and at least one boride.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first layer of the powder mixture to electromagnetic radiation comprises melting the metal material while the at least one solid carbon product remains in a solid state.