Multi-color reporter cells for detecting HIV-1
Disclosed are methods to measure the extent of viral infection and methods to measure latent viral reservoir in cells harboring or suspected of harboring such a reservoir.
1. A method of tracking viral infection of a cell, the method comprising:
(a) providing a cell susceptible to infection by a virus in which the cell comprises:
a first nucleic acid encoding a gene that constitutively expresses a first fusion protein, wherein the first fusion protein comprises (i) a first domain susceptible to degradation by a protein from the virus, and (ii) a second domain comprising a first protein fluorophore; and
a second nucleic acid encoding a second fusion protein, wherein the second fusion protein comprises (i) a first domain operably linked to a promoter that is responsive to infection by the virus, and (ii) a second domain comprising a second protein fluorophore;
wherein a fluorescent signal from the first protein fluorophore is down-regulated upon infection of the cell by the virus, and a fluorescent signal from the second protein fluorophore is up-regulated upon infection of the cell by the virus;
(b) exposing the cell to the virus under conditions where the virus can infect the cell;
(c) measuring the fluorescent signals generated by the first protein fluorophore and the second protein fluorophore; and
(d) determining the extent of infection of the cell by the virus by comparing the fluorescent signals measured in step (c) with corresponding signals generated in a corresponding cell not exposed to the virus.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell is a human T-cell.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell is a HeLa cell or a Jurkat cell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the virus is an HIV virus.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cell is a human T-cell.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cell is a HeLa cell or a Jurkat cell.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the virus is an HIV-1 virus.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cell is a human T-cell.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cell is a HeLa cell or a Jurkat cell.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second fusion protein comprises Tat (trans-activator of transcription) or Rev.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first fusion protein comprises a protein selected from the group consisting of A3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme), BST2 (bone marrow stromal antigen 2, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4), and SERINC5 (serine incorporator 5).
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
The second fusion protein comprises Tat (trans-activator of transcription) or Rev; and
the first fusion protein comprises a protein selected from the group consisting of A3G, BST2, CD4, and SERINC5.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the cell is a human T-cell, a HeLa cell, or a Jurkat cell.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the virus is an HIV virus.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the virus is an HIV-1 virus.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (a) the cell contains a third nucleic acid encoding a gene that constitutively expresses a third fusion protein, wherein the third fusion protein comprises (i) a first domain susceptible to alteration by a protein from the virus, and (ii) a second domain comprising a third protein fluorophore; and wherein the third protein fluorophore generates a fluorescent signal that is distinct from and can be detected independently of the fluorescent signals generated by the first and second protein fluorophores, and wherein the fluorescent signal generated from the third protein fluorophore is detectably altered upon infection of the cell with the virus.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein in step (a) the cell contains a fourth nucleic acid encoding a gene that constitutively expresses a fourth fusion protein, wherein the fourth fusion protein comprises (i) a first domain susceptible to alteration by a protein from the virus, and (ii) a second domain comprising a fourth protein fluorophore; and wherein the fourth protein fluorophore generates a fluorescent signal that is distinct from and can be detected independently of the signals generated by the first, second, and third protein fluorophores, and wherein the fluorescent signal generated from the fourth protein fluorophore is detectably altered upon infection of the cell with the virus.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein in step (a) the cell contains a fifth nucleic acid encoding a gene that constitutively expresses a fifth fusion protein, wherein the fifth fusion protein comprises (i) a first domain susceptible to alteration by a protein from the virus, and (ii) a second domain comprising a fifth protein fluorophore; and wherein the fifth protein fluorophore generates a fluorescent signal that is distinct from and can be detected independently of the signals generated by the first, second, third, and fourth protein fluorophores, and wherein the fluorescent signal generated from the fifth protein fluorophore is detectably altered upon infection of the cell with the virus.