Systems and methods for amplifying nucleic acids
An apparatus for performing a thermocyclic process, such as amplifying DNA, includes a microfluidic chip with a channel formed therein and one or more thermal distribution elements disposed over portions of the chip. Each thermal distribution element is configured to distribute thermal energy from an external thermal energy source substantially uniformly over the portion of the chip covered by the thermal distribution element. The portion of the chip covered by the thermal distribution element thereby comprises a discrete temperature zone. Other temperature zones can be defined by other thermal distribution elements or by portions of the chip not covered by a thermal distribution element. The channel is configured so that a fluid flowing through the channel would enter and exit the different temperature zones a plurality of times, thereby alternately exposing the fluid to the temperature of each zone for a period of time required for the fluid to traverse the zone.
1. A DNA amplification method, comprising:
providing an apparatus for amplifying DNA, the apparatus comprising:
a microfluidic chip having a channel;
a first thermal distribution element adaptably covering only a first portion of the microfluidic chip; and
a second thermal distribution element adaptably covering only a second portion of the microfluidic chip that does not over lap with the first portion of the microfluidic chip, wherein the first and second thermal distribution elements are arranged such that there is a gap between the first and second thermal distribution elements, the gap corresponding to a third portion of the microfluidic chip,
wherein the channel is configured such that a fluid flowing through the channel would enter and exit the first, second and third portions of the microfluidic chip a plurality of times;
and wherein a selected width of the first and second thermal distribution elements and a selected positioning of the thermal distribution elements on the microfluidic chip allow the first, second, and third portions of the microfluidic chip to be adaptable in size and location;
applying thermal energy to the first thermal distribution element to generate a first temperature in the first portion of the microfluidic chip;
applying thermal energy to the second thermal distribution element to generate a second temperature in the second portion of the microfluidic chip;
pumping a solution containing a nucleic acid sample through the channel so that the solution alternately flows through the first, second, and third portions of the microfluidic chip and is alternately exposed to at least the first and second temperatures;
while the solution is being pumped, detecting emission originating from solution flowing through a portion of the channel disposed within one of the first, second, and third portions of the microfluidic chip.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising maintaining a third temperature within the third portion of the microfluidic chip and determining a desired width of the third portion of the microfluidic chip, wherein the width is determined based, at least in part, on a desired dwell time at the third temperature.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a desired first width of the first portion of the microfluidic chip, wherein the first width is determined based, at least in part, on a desired dwell time at the first temperature;
applying the first thermal distribution element having the first width to the first portion of the microfluidic chip;
determining a desired second width of the second portion of the microfluidic chip, wherein the second width is determined based, at least in part, on a desired dwell time at the second temperature; and
applying the second thermal distribution element having the second width to the second portion of the microfluidic chip.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying thermal energy to the first thermal distribution element comprises connecting a first heater to the first thermal distribution element, and applying thermal energy to the second thermal distribution element comprises connecting a second heater to the second thermal distribution element.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein
the first thermal distribution element comprises a thermally conductive metal plate that is secured to the first portion of the microfluidic chip,
the second thermal distribution element comprises a thermally conductive metal plate that is secured to the second portion of the microfluidic chip,
the thermal mass of the first heater is greater than the thermal mass of the microfluidic chip, and
the thermal mass of the second heater is greater than the thermal mass of the microfluidic chip.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the channel is configured such that a fluid flowing through the channel would enter and exit the first, second and third portions of the microfluidic chip at least 10 times.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the combined widths of the first thermal distribution element and the second thermal distribution element substantially equals the width of the portion of the microfluidic chip covered with the microchannel, such that the third portion is so small and fluid flowing through the microchannel flows through the third portion so quickly that the fluid is exposed to substantially only the first and second temperatures for dwell times determined by the first and second thermal distribution elements, respectively.