Analytical X-ray tube with high thermal performance
An analytical X-ray tube with an anode target material that emits characteristic X-rays in response to excitation by an electron beam may include any of several advantageous features. The target material is deposited on a diamond substrate layer, and a metal carbide intermediate layer may be provided between the target material and substrate that provides enhanced bonding therebetween. An interface layer may also be used that provides an acoustic impedance matching between the target material and the substrate. For a low thermal conductivity target material, a heat dissipation layer of a higher thermal conductivity material may also be included between the target material and substrate to enhance thermal transfer. The target material may have a thickness that corresponds to a maximum penetration depth of the electrons of the electron beam, and the structure may be such that a predetermined temperature range is maintained at the substrate interface.
1. An X-ray tube comprising:
a target anode comprising a single, continuous layer of target material that emits characteristic X-rays in response to excitation by an electron beam;
a diamond substrate upon which the target anode is located; and
an intermediate layer between the diamond substrate and the target material, the intermediate layer comprising a metal carbide,
wherein the intermediate layer comprises a material having a first acoustic impedance Z i , the target material has a second acoustic impedance Z 1 , and the diamond substrate has a third acoustic impedance Z 2 , wherein the first acoustic impedance of the intermediate layer closely matches a geometric mean √{square root over (Z 1 Z 2 )} of the acoustic impedances of the target material and the diamond substrate, and wherein an acoustic impedance matching parameter Z i /√{square root over (Z 1 Z 2 )} is between 0.75 and 1.5.
2. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material comprises one of copper and silver.
3. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein an operating temperature at an interface with the diamond substrate is between 600 K and 800 K.
4. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material comprises copper and the intermediate layer comprises at least one of titanium carbide (TiC) and chromium carbide (Cr 3 C 2 ).
5. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material comprises silver and the intermediate layer comprises at least one of chromium carbide (Cr 3 C 2 ) and molybdenum carbide (MoC).
6. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material comprises one of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh) and tungsten (W).
7. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material has a depth of from 3-5 μm.
8. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer is a deposited layer.
9. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein the target material comprises an alloy that includes a carbide forming metal, and wherein the metal carbide of the intermediate layer is formed from the carbide forming metal of the target material.
10. An X-ray tube according to claim 1 , wherein a surface of the target material exposed to the electron beam is surrounded by the diamond substrate in a lateral direction.
11. An X-ray tube comprising:
a target anode comprising a target material having a relatively low thermal conductivity that emits characteristic X-rays in response to excitation by an electron beam;
a diamond substrate;
a heat dissipation layer adjacent to the target material, wherein the heat dissipation layer has a thermal conductivity that is at least twice as high as a thermal conductivity of the target material; and
an interface layer located between the heat dissipation layer and the diamond substrate, wherein the interface layer comprises a material having a first acoustic impedance Z i , the heat dissipation layer comprises a material having a second acoustic impedance Z 1 , and the diamond substrate has a third acoustic impedance Z 2 , wherein the first acoustic impedance of the interface layer closely matches a geometric mean √{square root over (Z 1 Z 2 )} of the acoustic impedances of the heat dissipation layer and the diamond substrate, and wherein an acoustic impedance matching parameter Z i /√{square root over (Z 1 Z 2 )} is between 0.75 and 1.5.
12. An X-ray tube according to claim 11 , wherein the target material comprises one of chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh) and tungsten (W).
13. An X-ray tube according to claim 11 , wherein the heat dissipation layer comprises at least one of copper and silver.