Structured detectors and detector systems for radiation imaging
Detector module designs for radiographic imaging include first and second layers of scintillator rods or pixel arrays oriented in first and second directions. The first and second directions are transversely oriented to define a light sharing region between the first and second layers. Encoding features may be disposed in, on or between the first and second layers, and configured to modulate propagation of optical signals therealong or therebetween.
1. A detector module comprising:
a first layer of scintillator elements, each extending in a first direction along the first layer;
a second layer of scintillator elements, each extending in a second direction along the second layer, wherein the second direction is oriented transverse to the first direction such that the scintillator elements in the first and second layers are crossed;
at least one intermediate scintillator layer disposed between and optically coupled to the first and second layers; and
a plurality of photodetectors including at least one of strip photodetectors with discrete pixel readout or readout at both ends or continuous area photodetectors with readout at four corners, the photodetectors configured to convert optical signals generated by the scintillator elements into output characterizing radiation interacting in at least one of the first, second and at least one intermediate layers.
2. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate layer comprises a continuous or structured scintillator layer or light sharing region positioned between and optically coupled to the first and second layers of crossed scintillator elements.
3. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the optical signals are transmitted through the at least one intermediate layer between the first layer and the second layer and the at least one intermediate layer is encoded to modulate transmission of the optical signals as a function of position along the scintillator elements.
4. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the first, second and at least one intermediate layers are formed of a unitary scintillator element with a thickness defined between a first major surface of the first layer and a second major surface of the second layer, respectively.
5. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate layer is formed of a different scintillator material from the scintillator elements of one or both of the first and second layers.
6. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one intermediate layer is configured to transmit the optical signals from a scintillator element in the first layer to multiple scintillator elements in the second layer.
7. The detector module of claim 1 , wherein the photodetectors are configured for the output characterizing radiation of a first and second different energy spectra interacting in the first and second layers, respectively.
8. The detector module of claim 7 , wherein thicknesses of the first and second layers are selected to compensate for beam hardening.
9. An edge-on, multispectral CT scintillator detector system comprising a plurality of detector modules according to claim 7 , wherein the radiation is incident on end faces of the scintillator elements in at least one of the layers.
10. The detector system of claim 9 , wherein the photodetectors are optically coupled to side faces of the scintillator elements in the at least one of the layers.
11. The detector system of claim 9 , wherein the first and second layers are responsive to different energy ranges of the radiation and the first and second layers have different energy responses to the radiation.
12. The detector system of claim 9 , further comprising at least a third layer of scintillator elements having a different energy response to the radiation from at least one of the first and second layers.
13. The detector system of claim 9 , wherein the radiation comprises a combination of x-ray radiation from an x-ray source and gamma radiation from a gamma source.
14. The detector system of claim 13 , further comprising readout electronics coupled to the photodetector elements, wherein the readout electronics are adapted for a combination of CT and at least one of PET, SPECT, PET-SPECT and Compton imaging.
15. The detector system of claim 9 , wherein the scintillator elements in the first and second layers comprise different, relatively lower-Z and relatively higher-Z scintillator materials, respectively.
16. The detector system of claim 9 , further comprising a collimator disposed with respect to the first and second layers, wherein the collimator is configured to modulate scattering of the radiation.
17. The detector system of claim 9 , wherein the detector system is configured for at least one of ring CT, partial ring CT, cone beam CT, and tomosynthesis imaging.
18. A detector module comprising:
a first layer of scintillator elements, each extending in a first direction along the first layer;
a plurality of photodetectors including at least one of strip photodetectors with discrete pixel readout or readout at both ends or continuous area photodetectors with readout at four corners, the photodetectors configured to convert optical signals generated by the scintillator elements into output characterizing radiation interacting therein;
a second layer of one or more semiconductor detector elements oriented edge on or face on with respect to the radiation; and
at least one intermediate scintillator layer disposed between the first and second layers.
19. A detector module according to claim 18 , wherein one or more of the scintillator elements or the intermediate scintillator layer comprise scintillator fibers or optical fibers or scintillator material having optical fibers embedded therein.
20. A method of operating an imaging system comprising one or more detector modules according to claim 18 , the method comprising:
interrogating a material sample with ionizing radiation;
detecting the ionizing radiation with the one or more detector modules, wherein at least one of an active or passive encoding technique is implemented with at least one of the detector modules and respective photodetectors or the material sample; and
generating images of the material sample with an image processor in communication with the detector modules, based on the ionizing radiation and the encoding technique.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein:
the material sample includes biological tissue and the image processor is configured for medical imaging thereof; or
the material sample includes a non-tissue material and the image processor is configured for non-medical science, industry or inspection imaging thereof.
22. The method of claim 20 , further comprising:
implementing the encoding technique with one or more of:
optical or non-optical information carriers with or without passive optical encoding; or
ionizing radiation structured detector elements of the detector modules; or
modifying at least one atomic, electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, acoustic or thermal ionizing radiation property of the at least one of the detector modules.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the active or passive encoding technique includes at least one of active optical pump encoding, active optical pump-probe encoding, active or passive electric field encoding, active or passive magnetic field encoding, active or passive electromagnetic encoding, active or passive acoustic encoding, active or passive thermal encoding, atomic property encoding, signal delay encoding, photoacoustic encoding, magnetoacoustic encoding, phase encoding, index of refraction encoding, electro-optic encoding, interference encoding, amplification coating encoding and multi-modal encoding.
24. An imaging system comprising one or more detector modules configured to interrogate a material sample by detecting ionizing radiation, each detector module comprising:
a first layer of scintillator elements, each extending in a first direction along the first layer;
a second layer of scintillator elements, each extending in a second direction along the second layer, wherein the second direction is oriented transverse to the first direction such that the scintillator elements in the first and second layers are crossed;
at least one intermediate scintillator layer disposed between and optically coupled to the first and second layers;
a plurality of photodetectors including at least one of strip photodetectors with discrete pixel readout or readout at both ends or continuous area photodetectors with readout at four corners, the photodetectors configured to convert optical signals generated by the scintillator elements into output characterizing radiation interacting in at least one of the first, second and at least one intermediate layers; and
further comprising at least one of an active or passive encoding technique implemented with at least one of the detector modules and respective photodetectors or the material sample.
25. The imaging system of claim 24 , further comprising:
an image processor in communication with the detector modules, the image processor configured to generate images of the material sample based on the ionizing radiation and the encoding technique;
wherein the material sample includes biological tissue and the image processor is configured for medical imaging thereof; or
wherein the material sample includes a non-tissue material and the image processor is configured for non-medical science, industry or inspection imaging thereof.
26. The imaging system of claim 24 , wherein the encoding technique utilizes optical or non-optical information carriers or includes modifying at least one of local or global atomic, electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, acoustic and thermal ionizing radiation properties of the detector modules.
27. The imaging system of claim 26 , wherein:
the radiation detector modules include one or more of slab, block, pixelated, array, layered, 3D structured and structured ionizing radiation detector elements; and
the encoding technique is implemented with ionizing radiation structured detector elements of the detector modules.
28. The imaging system of claim 24 , wherein the active or passive encoding technique includes at least one of active optical pump encoding, active optical pump-probe encoding, active or passive electric field encoding, active or passive magnetic field encoding, active or passive electromagnetic encoding, active or passive acoustic encoding, active or passive thermal encoding, atomic property encoding, signal delay encoding, photoacoustic encoding, magnetoacoustic encoding, phase encoding, index of refraction encoding, electro-optic encoding, interference encoding, amplification coating encoding and multi-modal encoding.
29. The imaging system of claim 24 , wherein at least one of the detector modules comprises a direct or indirect ionizing radiation detector material and the active or passive encoding technique is implemented with the direct or indirect detector material.