COMBINATION THERAPY USING ENANTIOPURE, OXY-SUBSTITUTED, DEUTERIUM-ENRICHED 5-(BENZYL)-5-DEUTERO-THIAZOLIDINE-2,4-DIONES FOR TREATMENT OF MEDICAL DISORDERS

1 . A method of treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;

wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%; and

the second therapeutic agent comprises vitamin E, pentoxifylline, metformin, obeticholic acid, simtuzumab, aramchol, GFT-505, IMM-124E, cenicriviroc, metreleptin, sitagliptin, GR-MD-02, SHP626, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second therapeutic agent comprises vitamin E, pentoxifylline, or metformin.

3 . A method of treating a diabetes selected from the group consisting of Type I diabetes mellitus and Type II diabetes mellitus, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the diabetes; wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%; and

the second therapeutic agent comprises metformin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, a statin, an agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1, an agonist of glucagon-like peptide-2, an inhibitor of sodium/glucose cotransporter 2, insulin, an insulin analoga GRP40 agonist, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, an incretin, an anti-hypertensive agent, pramlintide, benfluorex, leptin, glyburide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, chlorpropamide, nateglinide, repaglinide, mitiglinide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4 - 7 . (canceled)

8 . A method selected from:

(a) a method of treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%; and

the second therapeutic agent comprises saroglitazar, vitamin D, cysteamine bitartrate, IDN-6556, losartan, sitagliptin, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, pradigastat, berberine, an omega 3 fatty acid ester, resveratrol, Px-104, vitamin E, R05093151, liraglutide, insulin glargine, lobeglitazone, oltipraz, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, amlexanox, rifampicin, pitavastatin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(b) a method of treating a fibrotic disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the fibrotic disorder; wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%; and

the second therapeutic agent comprises entecavir, IDN-6556, DCB-B01202, FG-3019, ND-L02-s0201, docosahexaenoic acid, Vitamin E, choline, cenicriviroc, GR-MD-02, raltegravir, rifaximin, S-adenosylmethionine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, adefovir dipivoxil, pentoxifylline, simtuzumab, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

(c) a method of treating liver cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the liver cancer; wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%; and

the second therapeutic agent comprises sorafenib, OMP-54F28, trametinib, TRC 105, tremelimumab, tivozanib, glass microspheres containing radioactive yttrium-90, refametinib, regorafenib, erlotinib, vorinostat, PD-033299, TKM-080301, tivantinib, ramucirumab, DCB-BO1202, LY2875358, galunisertib, erismodegib, cabozantinib, nivolumab, MSC2156119J, temsirolimus, OPB-111077, DCR-MYC, CC-223, donafenib, INC280, CC-122, oprozomib, CF102, SGI-110, artesunate, dalantercept, lenvatinib, colchicine, metformin, pentamidine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(d) a method of treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic kidney disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, ulcerative colitis, and arthritis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a deuterium-enriched compound of Formula I having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, to treat the disorder; wherein Formula I is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are independently —C(R 9 )(R 10 )—;

A 5 is —C(R 11 )(R 12 )(R 13 );

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently H or D;

R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 each represent independently for each occurrence H or D; and

Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%.

9 - 31 . (canceled)

32 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the deuterium-enriched compound is administered orally.

33 . The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H; A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 are —CH 2 —; and A 5 is CH 3 .

34 . (canceled)

35 . (canceled)

36 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is a compound of Formula I-A having an optical purity of at least 75% enantiomeric excess, wherein Formula I-A is represented by:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is H or D, provided that the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 30%.

37 . The method of claim 36 , wherein the deuterium-enriched compound is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

38 . The method of claim 37 , wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride salt.

39 . (canceled)

40 . The method of claim 36 , wherein the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 75%.

41 . The method of claim 36 , wherein the abundance of deuterium in Z is at least 90%.

42 . The method of claim 41 , wherein the compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least 85%.

43 . The method of claim 41 , wherein the compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least 90%.

44 . The method of claim 41 , wherein the compound has an enantiomeric excess of at least 95%.

45 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each having an optical purity of at least 90% enantiomeric excess.

46 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

having an optical purity of at least 90% enantiomeric excess.

47 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

hydrochloride having an optical purity of at least 90% enantiomeric excess.

48 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each having an optical purity of at least 95% enantiomeric excess.

49 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

having an optical purity of at least 95% enantiomeric excess.

50 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

hydrochloride having an optical purity of at least 95% enantiomeric excess.