Paint circuits
Painted circuit devices, methods, and systems are disclosed. In some implementations, painted circuit devices are created using multiple layers of electrically conductive paint. In one aspect, a painted circuit includes a substrate and one or more paint layer applied to the substrate, where the one or more paint layers each form an electrical component of the painted circuit. A given paint layer of the one or more paint layers can include a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer, and lower concentrations of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of conductive material.
1. A painted circuit comprising:
a substrate; and
one or more paint layers applied to the substrate, the one or more paint layers each forming an electrical component of the painted circuit wherein:
a given paint layer of the one or more paint layers comprises a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer;
lower concentration of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of the conductive material; and
wherein the one or more paint layers of conductive paint comprise:
a battery anode paint layer applied to the substrate;
an ion bridge paint layer applied to less than all of the battery anode paint layer;
a battery cathode paint layer applied to the ion bridge layer;
a solar cell anode paint layer applied to less than all of the battery cathode paint layer;
a photosensitized layer applied to the solar cell anode paint layer;
a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer;
a diode paint circuit that is formed between the battery anode paint layer and the solar cell cathode paint layer, wherein:
the diode paint circuit is physically separated from each of the photosensitized paint layer, the solar cell anode paint layer, the battery cathode paint layer, and the ion bridge paint layer; and
the diode paint circuit includes an electron conducting paint layer and a hole conducting paint layer;
a transparent protective layer applied to the solar cell cathode paint layer.
2. The painted circuit of claim 1 , in which the electron conducting paint layer comprises a n-type semiconductor.
3. The painted circuit of claim 2 , in which the n-type semiconductor comprises a carbon material.
4. The painted circuit of claim 3 , in which the carbon material is doped with an n-type dopant.
5. The painted circuit of claim 1 , in which the hole conducting paint layer comprises a p-type semiconductor.
6. The painted circuit of claim 5 , in which the p-type semiconductor comprises p-type nanoparticles.
7. The painted circuit of claim 5 , in which the p-type semiconductor comprises a p-type polymer.
8. The painted circuit of claim 1 , further comprising:
a transistor layer applied to less than all of the battery cathode layer and in electrical contact with the solar cell anode paint layer;
a light-emitting circuit that is formed between the transistor paint layer and the transparent protective layer, wherein:
the light-emitting circuit is physically separated from the photosensitized paint layer; and
the light-emitting circuit includes an electron conducting paint layer, a hole conducting paint layer, and a phosphorescent paint layer between the electron conducting paint layer and the hole conducting paint layer; and
a conductor paint layer that is formed between the battery anode paint layer and the light-emitting circuit, wherein the conductor paint layer is physically separated from each of the ion bridge paint layer, the battery cathode paint layer, and the transistor paint layer.
9. The painted circuit of claim 8 , wherein the transistor paint layer comprises a composition including a dielectric material that has a breakdown voltage that corresponds to a switching voltage of the transistor paint layer.
10. The painted circuit of claim 8 , wherein the phosphorescent paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including one or more luminescent materials in an acrylic material.
11. The painted circuit of claim 1 , wherein the one or more paint layers of conductive paint comprise:
an anode paint layer applied to the substrate;
an ion bridge paint layer applied to less than all of the anode paint layer;
a photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer applied to the ion bridge paint layer;
a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to less than all of the photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer; and
a transparent protective layer applied to the solar cell cathode paint layer.
12. The painted circuit of claim 11 , wherein the anode paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
an anionic fast ion conductor; and
a salt in a weight ratio of water, wherein the salt in the weight ratio of water:salt:anionic fast ion conductor is 60:10:1.
13. The painted circuit of claim 12 , wherein the anode paint layer further comprises an electron acceptor, wherein the salt in the weight ratio of water:salt:electron acceptor:anionic fast ion conductor is 60:10:10:1.
14. The painted circuit of claim 13 , wherein the anode paint layer comprises an anionic polyacrylamide in a weight ratio of water:titanium dioxide:potassium iodide:anionic polyacrylamide of 60:10:10:1.
15. The painted circuit of claim 11 , wherein the photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
a cationic fast ion conductor in a weight ratio of water, wherein the cationic fast ion conductor in the weight ratio of water is 60:1.
16. The painted circuit of claim 15 , wherein the photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer comprises a cationic polyacrylamide in a weight ratio of water:cationic polyacrylamide of 60:1.
17. The painted circuit of claim 16 , wherein the photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
an cationic fast ion conductor; and
a dye in a weight ratio of water:cationic fast ion conductor:dye is 6:1:1.
18. The painted circuit of claim 17 , wherein the photosensitized/battery cathode paint layer comprises a cationic polyacrylamide and copper phthalocyanine in a weight ratio of water:cationic polyacrylamide:copper phthalocyanine of 6:1:1.
19. The painted circuit of claim 11 , wherein the ion bridge paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including an ionic material and an ion-conducting polymer in a weight ratio of water.
20. The painted circuit of claim 11 , further comprising two or more contacts, each contact comprising a metallic foil affixed to a battery anode paint layer or a battery cathode paint layer and in electrical contact with the battery anode paint layer or the battery cathode paint layer, respectively.
21. A painted circuit comprising:
a substrate; and
one or more paint layers applied to the substrate, the one or more paint layers each forming an electrical component of the painted circuit wherein:
a given paint layer of the one or more paint layers comprises a conductive paint formulation having a resistance that is defined by a concentration of conductive material that is included in the conductive paint formulation and a thickness of the given paint layer;
lower concentration of the conductive material included in the conductive paint formulation provide a higher resistance than higher concentrations of the conductive material; and
wherein the one or more paint layers of conductive paint comprise:
a solar cell anode paint layer applied to the substrate;
a photosensitized paint layer applied to less than all of the solar cell anode paint layer;
an output regulator circuit that is formed on top of the solar cell anode paint layer, the output regulator circuit comprising a resistor paint layer and transistor paint layer, wherein:
the resistor paint layer is applied to the solar cell anode paint layer and is applied adjacent to the photosensitized layer; and
the transistor paint layer is applied to the resistor paint layer;
a solar cell cathode paint layer applied to the photosensitized paint layer and the transistor paint layer; and
a transparent protective paint layer applied to the solar cell cathode paint layer.
22. The painted circuit of claim 21 , wherein the resistor paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
an acrylic material; and
carbon black suspended in the acrylic material, wherein a weight ratio of carbon black in the acrylic material determines, in part, a resistance of the resistor paint layer.
23. The painted circuit of claim 21 , wherein the transistor paint layer comprises a composition including a dielectric material that has a breakdown voltage that corresponds to a switching voltage of the transistor paint layer.
24. The painted circuit of claim 21 , wherein the anode paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
an anionic fast ion conductor; and
a salt in a weight ratio of water, wherein the salt in the weight ratio of water:salt:anionic fast ion conductor is 60:10:1.
25. The painted circuit of claim 24 , wherein the anode paint layer further comprises an electron acceptor, wherein the salt in the weight ratio of water:salt:electron acceptor:anionic fast ion conductor is 60:10:10:1.
26. The painted circuit of claim 25 , wherein the anode paint layer comprises an anionic polyacrylamide in a weight ratio of water:titanium dioxide:potassium iodide:anionic polyacrylamide of 60:10:10:1.
27. The painted circuit of claim 26 , wherein the solar cell cathode paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
a cationic fast ion conductor in a weight ratio of water, wherein the cationic fast ion conductor in the weight ratio of water is 60:1.
28. The painted circuit of claim 27 , wherein the photosensitized paint layer comprises an aqueous composition including:
an anionic fast ion conductor; and
a dye in a weight ratio of water:anionic fast ion conductor:dye is 6:1:1.
29. The painted circuit of claim 21 , further comprising two or more contacts, each contact comprising a metallic foil affixed to a solar cell anode paint layer or a solar cell cathode paint layer and in electrical contact with the solar cell anode paint layer or the solar cell cathode paint layer, respectively.