Method for the quantification of parasite eggs in feces
Method and kits are provided determining the presence or absence of parasitic helminth eggs in environmental samples, particularly fecal samples. The methods incorporate egg capture methods and the use of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specific ligands for egg detection.
1. A method of detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in an environmental sample, the method comprising, sequentially:
flowing a solution comprising an environmental sample suspended in water or a sample buffer through a filtration membrane having a pore size of between about 5 microns and about 45 microns to physically capture helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts on the filtration membrane, wherein physically capturing the eggs or oocysts on the filtration membrane occurs in the absence of affinity ligands;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a chitin exposing reagent selected from a surfactant, an oxidizing agent, a chaotrope, an enzyme, and bleach;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine binding protein or fragment thereof conjugated to a detectable moiety; and
imaging the sample physically captured on the filtration membrane using an imaging device appropriate for visualizing the detectable moiety to produce an image of particles comprising the detectable moiety;
electronically parsing the particles in the image by size, shape, or a combination thereof; and
detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in the environmental sample captured on the filtration membrane based on the electronic parsing of the particles in the image.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine binding protein is selected from the group consisting of a lectin, a chitinase, a chitin binding domain (CBD), and an anti-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine antibody, or fragments thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the lectin is selected from the group consisting of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), Maclura pomifera lectin (MPL), Bauhinia purpurea lectin (BPL), Datura stramonium lectin (DSL), Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (LEL), Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL) and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus lectin II (PTL-II).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detectable moiety is selected from the group consisting of a hapten, an enzyme, an antibody epitope, an antigen, a fluorophore, a radioisotope, a nanoparticle, a member of a binding pair, and a metal chelate.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, fluorescein, fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC), cyanine dye Cy3, cyanine dye Cy3.5, cyanine dye Cy5, cyanine dye Cy5.5, cyanine dye Cy7, dansyl, dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl), 5-(iodoacetamida)fluorescein (5-IAF), 6- acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (acrylodan), 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3, -diazol-4-yl chloride (NBD-Cl), ethidium bromide, Lucifer Yellow, 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G hydrochloride, Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride, rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC), rhodamine 800, tetramethylrhodamine 5-(and 6-)isothiocyanate (TRITC), sulfonyl chloride, 1- anilinonaphthalene-8 -sulfonic acid (ANS), 6-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalen-e-2-sulfonic acid (TNS), anthroyl fatty acid, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), Parinaric acid, 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-Phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH), Fluorenyl fatty acid, Fluorescein-phosphatidylethanolamine, Texas red-phosphatidylethanolamine, Pyrenyl-phosphatidylcholine, Fluorenyl-phosphatidylcholine, Merocyanine 540, Naphtyl Styryl, 3,3′dipropylthiadicarbocyanine (diS-C3-(5)), 4-(p-dipentyl aminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium (di-5-ASP), Cy-3 lodo Acetamide, Cy-5-N-Hydroxysuccinimide, Cy-7-Isothiocyanate, IR-125, Thiazole Orange, Azure B, Nile Blue, Al Phthalocyanine, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Hoechst 33342, TOTO, Acridine Orange, Ethidium Homodimer, N(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium (MQAE), Fura-2, Calcium Green, Carboxy seminaphtharhodafluorescein-6 (SNARF-6), 1,2-bis(o -aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), coumarin, phytofluors, Coronene, and metal-ligand complexes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the imaging device is a digital camera, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a portable computer, or a scanner.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution comprising an environmental sample is obtained by suspending an environmental sample in water or a sample buffer to form a first environmental solution and flowing the first environmental solution through a bulk filtration membrane having a pore size of between about 400 microns and about 800 microns to obtain the solution comprising the environmental sample.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample comprises electronically quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the environmental sample comprises fecal material.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample buffer is not a floatation media having a density greater than the density of a helminth egg or a protozoan oocyst.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample buffer is a floatation media having a density greater than the density of a helminth egg or a protozoan oocyst.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed without a floatation step to separate the eggs from the fecal material.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detecting step is performed without removing the helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the quantifying step is performed without removing the helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the quantifying further comprises determining a total fecal egg count in the fecal sample.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chitin exposing reagent is an oxidizing agent.
18. A method of detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in an environmental sample, the method comprising, sequentially:
flowing a solution comprising an environmental sample suspended in water or a sample buffer through a filtration membrane having a pore size of between about 5 microns and about 45 microns to physically capture helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts on the filtration membrane, wherein physically capturing the eggs or oocysts on the filtration membrane occurs in the absence of affinity ligands;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a chitin exposing reagent selected from a surfactant, an oxidizing agent, a chaotrope, an enzyme, and bleach;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a chitin binding domain (CBD) protein or fragment thereof conjugated to a detectable moiety; and
imaging the sample physically captured on the filtration membrane using an imaging device appropriate for visualizing the detectable moiety to produce an image of particles comprising the detectable moiety;
electronically parsing the particles in the image by size, shape, or a combination thereof; and
detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in the environmental sample captured on the filtration membrane based on the electronic parsing of the particles in the image; and
wherein the detecting step is performed without removing the helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the detectable moiety is selected from the group consisting of a hapten, an enzyme, an antibody epitope, an antigen, a fluorophore, a radioisotope, a nanoparticle, a member of a binding pair, and a metal chelate.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the fluorophore is selected from the group consisting of green fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, fluorescein, fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC), cyanine dye Cy3, cyanine dye Cy3.5, cyanine dye Cy5, cyanine dye Cy5.5, cyanine dye Cy7, dansyl, dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl), 5-(iodoacetamida)fluorescein (5-IAF), 6- acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (acrylodan), 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3, -diazol-4-yl chloride (NBD-Cl), ethidium bromide, Lucifer Yellow, 5-carboxyrhodamine 6G hydrochloride, Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride, rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC), rhodamine 800, tetramethylrhodamine 5-(and 6-)isothiocyanate (TRITC), sulfonyl chloride, 1- anilinonaphthalene-8 -sulfonic acid (ANS), 6-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalen-e-2-sulfonic acid (TNS), anthroyl fatty acid, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), Parinaric acid, 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-Phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH), Fluorenyl fatty acid, Fluorescein-phosphatidylethanolamine, Texas red-phosphatidylethanolamine, Pyrenyl-phosphatidylcholine, Fluorenyl-phosphatidylcholine, Merocyanine 540, Naphtyl Styryl, 3,3′dipropylthiadicarbocyanine (diS-C3-(5)), 4-(p-dipentyl aminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium (di-5-ASP), Cy-3 lodo Acetamide, Cy-5-N-Hydroxysuccinimide, Cy-7-Isothiocyanate, IR-125, Thiazole Orange, Azure B, Nile Blue, Al Phthalocyanine, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Hoechst 33342, TOTO, Acridine Orange, Ethidium Homodimer, N(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium (MQAE), Fura-2, Calcium Green, Carboxy seminaphtharhodafluorescein-6 (SNARF-6), 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), coumarin, phytofluors, Coronene, and metal-ligand complexes.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the imaging device is a digital camera, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a portable computer, or a scanner.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the solution comprising an environmental sample is obtained by suspending an environmental sample in water or a sample buffer to form a first environmental solution and flowing the first environmental solution through a bulk filtration membrane having a pore size of between about 400 microns and about 800 microns to obtain the solution comprising the environmental sample.
23. The method of claim 18 , further comprising quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample.
24. The method of claim 18 , wherein quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample comprises electronically quantifying the number of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts present in the sample.
25. The method of claim 18 , wherein the environmental sample comprises fecal material.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sample buffer is not a floatation media having a density greater than the density of a helminth egg or a protozoan oocyst.
27. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sample buffer is a floatation media having a density greater than the density of a helminth egg or a protozoan oocyst.
28. The method of claim 18 , wherein the method is performed without a floatation step to separate the eggs from the fecal material.
29. The method of claim 23 , wherein the quantifying step is performed without removing the helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts captured on the filtration membrane.
30. A method of detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in an environmental sample, the method comprising, sequentially:
flowing a solution comprising an environmental sample suspended in water or a sample buffer through a filtration membrane having a pore size of between about 5 microns and about 45 microns to physically capture helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts on the filtration membrane, wherein the filtration membrane does not contain specific chemicals to bind the eggs or oocysts;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a chitin exposing reagent selected from a surfactant, an oxidizing agent, a chaotrope, an enzyme, and bleach;
contacting helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts physically captured on the filtration membrane with a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine binding protein or fragment thereof conjugated to a detectable moiety; and
imaging the sample physically captured on the filtration membrane using an imaging device appropriate for visualizing the detectable moiety to produce an image of particles comprising the detectable moiety;
electronically parsing the particles in the image by size, shape, or a combination thereof; and
detecting the presence or absence of helminth eggs or protozoan oocysts in the environmental sample captured on the filtration membrane based on the electronic parsing of the particles in the image.