Photonic modulator structures and methods of manufacture

1. A metamaterial optical modulator comprising:

an optical input;

an optical output;

a control input; and

an arrangement of a plurality of elements including one or more variable state elements, wherein the plurality of elements as arranged are optical elements configured to modulate one or more properties of a light passing from the optical input to the optical output through the metamaterial optical modulator via a change in a state of the one or more variable state elements based on a control signal received at the control input, wherein the arrangement of the plurality of elements is an array of discrete pixels having a defined dimension, and the one or more properties of the light include one or more of an amplitude, a phase, a polarization or a direction of the light.

2. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of elements also include one or more other elements having a state or one or more properties that do not vary in response to the control signal.

3. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the one or more properties of the light modulated by the plurality of elements as arranged further include one or more of an intensity, or a brightness.

4. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of elements are characterized by one or more dimensions that are smaller than a wavelength of the light.

5. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the control signal includes an optical control signal, an electrical control signal, a thermal control signal, and an acoustic control signal.

6. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the change in the state of the one or more variable state elements includes one or more of a refractive index, an absorption, a reflectance, and a scattering state of the one or more variable state elements.

7. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the change in the state of the one or more variable state elements comprises a change between two or more discrete states.

8. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the change in the state of the one or more variable state elements comprises a change through a continuum of a range of states.

9. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the one or more variable state elements include a photochromic material.

10. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the one or more variable state elements include an electrochromic material.

11. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the one or more variable state elements collectively change state based on the control signal received at the control input.

12. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the variable state elements individually change state based on a control signal received at the control input.

13. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of elements are characterized by a width from 1 nm to 10 μm and a thickness from 10 nm to 5 μm.

14. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of elements is from about 25 elements to about 80,000 elements.

15. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein a topologic distribution of the variable state elements is selected using a multi-state topological algorithm.

16. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein array of discrete pixels is a tiled pattern of the plurality of elements.

17. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 9 , wherein the photochromic material is characterized by a plurality of states of one or more of refractive index, an absorption, a reflectance, and a scattering property.

18. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 10 , wherein the electrochromic material is characterized by a plurality of states of one or more of refractive index, an absorption, a reflectance, and a scattering property.

19. The metamaterial optical modulator of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of elements further includes non-variable state elements as a portion of the discrete pixels.

20. A device comprising:

a plurality of optical waveguides; and

a metamaterial optical modulator comprising an arrangement of a plurality of elements including one or more variable state elements, wherein the plurality of elements as arranged are optical elements configured to modulate one or more properties of a light via a change in a state of the one or more variable state elements based on a control signal to transmit the light between one combination of the plurality of optical waveguides in a first state of the one or more variable elements and another combination of the plurality of optical waveguides in a second state of the one or more variable elements, wherein the arrangement of the plurality of elements is an array of discrete pixels having a defined dimension, and the one or more properties of the light include one or more of an amplitude, a phase, a polarization or a direction of the light.

21. The device of claim 20 , further comprising:

a first set of optical waveguides;

a second set of optical waveguides, and

a plurality of metamaterial optical modulators disposed at different crossings between optical waveguides in the first set and optical waveguide in the second set.

22. The device of claim 20 , further comprising

a spatial-light modulator configured to split an incident beam into a plurality of beamlets of independent intensity or phase levels;

a plurality of metamaterial optical modulators; and

a lens configured to focus respective ones of the plurality of beamlets as optical control signals on respective ones of the plurality of metamaterial optical modulators.

23. The device of claim 20 , wherein:

the plurality of optical waveguides include an optical input waveguide and a plurality of optical output waveguides; and

the light is modulated to transmit between the optical input waveguide and different ones of the plurality of optical output waveguides for different respective states of the one or more variable state elements.

24. The device of claim 20 , wherein:

the plurality of optical waveguides include a plurality of optical input waveguides and an optical output waveguide; and

the light is modulated to transmit between different ones of the plurality of optical input waveguides and the optical output waveguide for different respective states of the one or more variable state elements.

25. The device of claim 20 , wherein:

the plurality of optical waveguides include a plurality of optical input waveguides and a plurality of optical output waveguides; and

wherein the light is modulated to transmit from different combinations of the plurality of optical input waveguides to different combinations of the plurality of optical output waveguides for different respective states of the one or more variable state elements.

26. The device of claim 20 , wherein the one or more properties of the light modulated by the plurality of elements as arranged further include one or more of an intensity, or a brightness.

27. The device of claim 20 , wherein the plurality of elements are characterized by one or more dimension that are smaller than a wavelength of the light.

28. The device of claim 20 , wherein the control signal includes an optical control signal, an electrical control signal, a thermal control signal, and an acoustic control signal.

29. The device of claim 20 , wherein the change in the state of the one or more variable state elements includes one or more of a refractive index, an absorption, a reflectance, and a scattering state of the one or more variable state elements.