Composite material, method of forming the same, and apparatus including composite material

1. A composite material structure comprising:

a matrix material layer comprising a glass material; and

a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures distributed in the matrix material layer and having an electrical conductivity greater than an electrical conductivity of the matrix material layer,

wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a first one-dimensional nanostructure and a second one-dimensional nanostructure in contact with each other,

wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide in a form of a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof,

wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the glass material, and

wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to 5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.

2. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures has an aspect ratio of about 2 or higher.

3. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures has a diameter of about 5 nanometers to about 300 nanometers and a length of about 500 nanometers to about 20 micrometers.

4. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the matrix material layer.

5. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises RuO 2 .

6. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a rutile crystalline structure.

7. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the glass material comprises a silicon oxide, a lithium oxide, a nickel oxide, a cobalt oxide, a boron oxide, a potassium oxide, an aluminum oxide, a titanium oxide, a manganese oxide, a copper oxide, a zirconium oxide, a phosphorus oxide, a zinc oxide, a bismuth oxide, a lead oxide, a sodium oxide, or a combination thereof.

8. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to about 2.5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.

9. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the composite material has an electrical conductivity of about 5 Siemens per meter or greater at room temperature.

10. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the composite material structure is a heating element.

11. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the composite material structure is a resistor.

12. An apparatus comprising a heating element, wherein the heating element comprises a composite material structure, the composite material structure comprising:

a matrix material layer comprising a glass material; and

a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures distributed in the matrix material layer and having an electrical conductivity greater than an electrical conductivity of the matrix material layer,

wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a first one-dimensional nanostructure and a second one-dimensional nanostructure in contact with each other,

wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide in a form of a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof,

wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the glass material, and

wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to 5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.

13. A method of forming a composite material structure, the method comprising:

providing a solution comprising a plurality of colloidal particles comprising a metal element;

adding a glass powder to the solution to form a solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles and the glass powder;

adding a binder to the solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles and the glass powder to form a mixed solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles, the glass powder, and the binder;

forming a film by applying the mixed solution containing the plurality of colloidal particles, the glass powder, and the binder onto a substrate; and

forming a plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures from the plurality of colloidal particles and forming a matrix material layer from the glass powder by performing a thermal treatment process on the film to prepare the composite material structure, wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures is formed in the matrix material layer,

wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide in a form of a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof,

wherein at least a portion of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrudes from a surface of the glass material, and

wherein an amount of the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures in the composite material is less than or equal to 5 volume percent, based on a total volume of the composite material.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the thermal treatment process comprises:

annealing the film; and

sintering the film,

wherein in the annealing of the film, the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructure is formed from at least a portion of the plurality of the colloidal particles on a surface of the glass powder, and

wherein in the sintering of the film, the matrix material layer is formed from the glass powder.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the annealing of the film is performed at a temperature of about 300° C. to about 500° C.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the sintering of the film is performed at a temperature of about 500° C. to about 1200° C.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the providing of the solution comprising the plurality of colloidal particles comprising the metal element comprises:

dissolving a metal precursor in an acid solution; and

forming the plurality of the colloidal particles from the metal precursor by adding a basic solution to the acid solution.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of the colloidal particles is amorphous, and the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures are crystalline.

19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a nanowire, a nanorod, or a combination thereof.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises a metal oxide.

21. The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures comprises rutile RuO 2 .

22. A method of manufacturing an apparatus, the method comprising:

forming a heating element; and

forming an electrode structure electrically connected to the heating element,

wherein the forming of the heating element comprises forming a composite material structure using the method of claim 13 .

23. The composite material structure of claim 1 , wherein the glass material comprises glass particles or an enamel powder, and wherein the plurality of one-dimensional nanostructures protrude from a surface of the glass particles or the enamel powder.