Three-fluid liquid to air membrane energy exchanger
Systems and methods are disclosed herein for a three-fluid liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) to condition air (a first overall fluid). A liquid panel assembly used in the LAMEE can include a first fluid circuit for a first cooling fluid (a second overall fluid) and a second fluid circuit for a second cooling fluid (a third overall fluid). The first cooling fluid, also referred to herein as a desiccant, can be configured to circulate through the liquid panel assembly and condition an air stream passing through the LAMEE. The second cooling fluid, also referred to herein as a coolant, can be configured to also circulate through the panel assembly and reject heat from the first cooling fluid. The second cooling fluid can increase the cooling capacity and overall performance of the LAMEE. The first and second cooling fluids can be separate from each other during circulation through the panel assembly. Low operating pressures of the first fluid circuit can be facilitated by the design of the liquid panel to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the first cooling fluid.
1. A liquid panel assembly comprising:
a support frame comprising:
a first fluid circuit comprising:
a first inlet header to supply a first cooling fluid to the liquid panel assembly; and
a plurality of first flow channels configured to flow the first cooling fluid through the liquid panel assembly, each of the first flow channels connected to the first inlet header and having a vertical inlet channel connected to a vertical outlet channel through one or more horizontal flow passages, the first fluid circuit configured to use the first cooling fluid to condition an air stream;
a second fluid circuit comprising:
a second inlet header to supply a second cooling fluid to the liquid panel assembly; and
a plurality of second flow channels configured to flow the second cooling fluid through the liquid panel assembly, each of the second flow channels connected to the second inlet header and having a vertical inlet channel connected to a vertical outlet channel through one or more horizontal flow passages, the second fluid circuit configured to use the second cooling fluid to transfer heat to or from the first cooling fluid, the second fluid circuit separate from the first fluid circuit;
a first semi-permeable layer secured to a first side of the support frame; and
a second semi-permeable layer secured to a second side of the support frame opposite the first side,
wherein the vertical inlet and outlet channels of the first flow channels enable the first fluid circuit to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the first cooling fluid to reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.
2. The liquid panel assembly of claim 1 wherein the first and second semi-permeable layers facilitate heat and vapor transfer through the first and second semi-permeable layers.
3. The liquid panel assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a first film attached to the first side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the first semi-permeable layer, a first space between the first film and the first semi-permeable layer forming a first portion of the first fluid circuit; and
a second film attached to the second side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the second semi-permeable layer, a second space between the second film and the second semi-permeable layer forming a second portion of the first fluid circuit.
4. The liquid panel assembly of claim 3 wherein the second fluid circuit is received through a third space formed between the first and second films.
5. The liquid panel assembly of claim 4 wherein the vertical inlet and outlet channels of the second flow channels enable the second fluid circuit to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the second cooling fluid to reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.
6. The liquid panel assembly of claim 3 wherein each of the first and second films have a thickness ranging between about 0.025 mm and about 1 mm.
7. An energy exchange system comprising:
a plurality of air channels configured to allow air to pass therethrough; and
a plurality of liquid panel assemblies alternately spaced with the plurality of air channels, each of the plurality of liquid panel assemblies comprising:
a first inlet header configured to supply a first cooling fluid to the liquid panel assembly;
a first desiccant channel connected to the first inlet header and comprising a plurality of flow channels configured to flow the first cooling fluid through the liquid panel assembly, each of the flow channels having a vertical inlet channel connected to a vertical outlet channel through one or more horizontal flow passages;
a second desiccant channel connected to the first inlet header and comprising a plurality of flow channels configured to flow the first cooling fluid through the liquid panel assembly, each of the flow channels having a vertical inlet channel connected to a vertical outlet channel through one or more horizontal flow passages;
a second inlet header configured to supply a second cooling fluid to the liquid panel assembly;
a coolant channel connected to the second inlet header and comprising a plurality of flow channels configured to flow the second cooling fluid through the liquid panel assembly, each of the flow channels having a vertical inlet channel connected to a vertical outlet channel through one or more horizontal flow passages, the coolant channel disposed between the first and second desiccant channels, the first fluid circuit separate from the second fluid circuit; and
a support frame comprising a plurality of horizontal support members and a plurality of vertical support members; and
one or more sealing members secured to the support frame, an interior surface of the one or more sealing members in contact with the first cooling fluid or the second cooling fluid, and an exterior surface of the one or more sealing members in contact with an adjacent air channel of the plurality of air channels,
wherein the vertical inlet and outlet channels of the first and second desiccant channels enable the first fluid circuit to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the first cooling fluid to reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.
8. The energy exchange system of claim 7 further comprising a plurality of membrane support assemblies disposed within the plurality of air channels.
9. The energy exchange system of claim 7 wherein air within the plurality of air channels is configured to counterflow with respect to the first cooling fluid in the first fluid circuit.
10. The energy exchange system of claim 7 wherein the one or more sealing members includes:
a first vapor permeable layer secured to a first side of the support frame; and
a second vapor permeable layer secured to a second side of the support frame opposite the first side.
11. The energy exchange system of claim 10 further comprising:
a first film sealed to the first side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the first vapor permeable layer; and
a second film sealed to the second side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the second vapor permeable layer,
wherein the first fluid circuit includes a first space between the first film and the first vapor permeable layer and a second space between the second film and the second vapor permeable layer.
12. The liquid panel assembly of claim 1 wherein a direction of flow of the first cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the first fluid circuit is parallel to a direction of flow of the second cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the second fluid circuit.
13. The liquid panel assembly of claim 1 wherein a direction of flow of the first cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the first fluid circuit is counter to a direction of flow of the second cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the second fluid circuit.
14. The energy exchange system of claim 7 wherein a direction of flow of the first cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the first fluid circuit in the first and second desiccant channels is parallel to a direction of flow of the second cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the second fluid circuit of the coolant channel.
15. The energy exchange system of claim 7 wherein a direction of flow of the first cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the first fluid circuit in the first and second desiccant channels is counter to a direction of flow of the second cooling fluid in the one or more horizontal flow passages of the second fluid circuit of the coolant channel.
16. A liquid panel assembly comprising:
a support frame comprising:
a first fluid circuit having an inlet channel connected to an outlet channel through one or more flow passages, the first fluid circuit configured to receive a first cooling fluid to condition an air stream;
a second fluid circuit having an inlet and an outlet and configured to receive a second cooling fluid to transfer heat to or from the first cooling fluid, the second fluid circuit separate from the first fluid circuit;
a first semi-permeable layer secured to a first side of the support frame;
a second semi-permeable layer secured to a second side of the support frame opposite the first side;
a first film attached to the first side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the first semi-permeable layer, a first space between the first film and the first semi-permeable layer forming a first portion of the first fluid circuit; and
a second film attached to the second side of the support frame and positioned between the support frame and the second semi-permeable layer, a second space between the second film and the second semi-permeable layer forming a second portion of the first fluid circuit,
wherein the first fluid circuit is configured to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the first cooling fluid to reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.
17. The liquid panel assembly of claim 16 wherein the second fluid circuit is received through a third space formed between the first and second films.
18. The liquid panel assembly of claim 17 wherein the second fluid circuit is configured to at least partially offset hydrostatic pressure gain with friction pressure loss of the second cooling fluid to reduce pressure within the liquid panel assembly.
19. The liquid panel assembly of claim 16 wherein each of the first and second films have a thickness ranging between about 0.025 mm and about 1 mm.